Surprisingly little. Both are .30 caliber, one uses a longer case and more powder, than the other. The 30-06 is a longer cartridge. It is a similar situation as the .38/.357 and the .44mag/.44sp, or the .45LC/.454
The performance difference between the two is pretty small, with the 06 showing a flatter trajectory at the greater distances. Unless you're competitive, you'll be quite happy with either caliber.
I'm not quite sure about the 3006, but I know that the longest recorded kill shot with a .308 was at about one and a half miles, possibly more.
GTFO
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Yes 3006, 270 is a long action 308, 243 is a short action.
The .308 has a shorter cartridge case, and a fatter bullet. The .270 is based on the 30-06 case, about a quarter inch longer than the .308 case.
The E model was an economy model made from 60-84
The .30-06 is 12mm longer, and has a flatter trajectory.
The .50 caliber is larger in diameter than the .308. If you are referring to the bullets for the .50 BMG and the .308 Winchester, the .50 is MUCH heavier, and much longer than the .308.
Neck angles, headspacing, pressure generated by the cartridge when fired.
3006 weeks = 3006 x 7 days = 21,042 days
The GTS version is a targa top, while the GTB is a regular coupe.