What drives the formation of ATP by the ATP-synthase?

Answer 1

Most often it is a concentration gradient of protons (hydrogen ions) across a membrane known as the "proton motive force", although in some bacterial species they can use other ions, such as sodium.

Through proton pumping, the Q cycle and redox cycling in the electron transport chain, protons build up on one side of the partially permeable membrane (they are unable to diffuse freely back over due to charge). This is the primary product of cellular respiration (the last enzyme in the electron transport chain reduces oxygen to water). In eukaryotes, this occurs in mitochondria with a build of up protons in the inter membrane space, while in prokaryotes it is in the periplasmic space of their double outer membranes. The increased concentration of protons on one side creates an electrochemical gradient (a proton motive force). ATP synthase usually hydrolyses ATP to ADP, but when coupled to a membrane protein that allows protons to pass back across the membrane the equilibrium can be shifted to reverse the reaction to produce ATP from ADP instead. The energy associated with the proton motive force is enough to drive the reaction to synthesise ATP by carefully coupling the process of proton transport with synthesis via a rotary motor.

Answer 2

Energy (for ATP synthase to work) is often released in the form of hydrogen ions moving down an electrochemical gradient, such as from the lumen into the stroma of chloroplasts or from the intermembrane space into the matrix in mitochondria.

Answer 3

the hydrogen ion concentration gradient across the membrane.

Answer 4

ATP synthase is a enzyme that makes the reaction of ATP to ADP more quickly.

Answer 5

H+ diffusion

Answer 6

Electro-chemical energy.

Answer 7

Hydrogen ions powering the synthesis ATP

Answer 8

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