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The duke.
True. Lords were also "vassals" of higher lords.
vassal
Every noble except for the lowest on the social ladder was a land-owner. Land ownership was actually one of the biggest signs of wealth.
There are eight in all noble gases (except helium) because that forms a "full level" so that they are noble gases and not reactive.
Noble gases are not reactive. They are inert. That's why they are called noble gases. Just as the human nobility does not lower itself to associate with the lower classes, so do noble gases not combine with lesser elements. They remain aloof.
Helium is the noble gas with only 2 valence electrons
Hydrogen
All the elemental gases except for the noble gases come in molecules that are unstable. The noble gases are all stable, they have the maximum number of valence electrons that their outer shell can hold.
It was in exchange for an oath of loyalty.
No. It is however highly unreactive, similar to noble gases (except under extreme conditions)
Just about every element except for the noble gasses can combine with chlorine. Commonly it is combined with sodium (to form table salt) and hydrogen (to form hydrochloric acid)