This gas is carbon dioxide.
calcium carbonate
There is no specific name for 'something which reacts with vinegar'. Vinegar is ethanoic acid and reacts with various substance. Some examples are alkalis like sodium hydroxide, metal carbonates and alcohols such as ethanol.
The name of the salt produced by the reaction of calcium hydroxide and sulfuric acid is B Calcium Sulfate.
A salt. The type of salt depends on the type of acid.
ferrous sulphate
Perhaps you mean CaCO3 - that's calcium carbonate. CaCO2 doesn't seem to be a common compound.
Sodium Nitrate?
Calcium hydroxide, traditionally called slaked lime is one.
Because vinegar contains acetic acid; acids are corrosive, and rust is a form of corrosion. The hydrogen ions of the vinegar form an intermediary as iron reacts with oxygen in the air. Rust is the common name for iron oxide.
First of all vinegar has the chemical name of Ethanoic(Acetic) acid, and its formula is CH3COOH. The BALANCED reaction eq'n is 2CH3COOH(aq) + CaCO3(s) = Ca(CH3COO)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) In words ; Two moles of ethanoic acid(CH3COOH) reacts with one mole of calcium carbonate(CaCO3) to produce one mole of calcium ethanoate(Ca(CH3COO)2, one mole of water(H2O) and one mole of carbon dioxide(CO2). NB Vinegar's everyday name is acetic acid, however, in the modern IUPAC nomenclature it is 'Ethanoic Acid'.
Mg HO + Cl
Calcite is an impure form of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). Vinegar is the every=day name for the carboxylic acid , Ethanoic (Acetic) Acid (CH3COOH). Remember for all acid/carbonate reactions. Acid + Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide((g) - bubbles). Hence 2CH3COOH + CaCO3 = Ca(CH3COO)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) The Effervescence (Bubbles)- you see is the carbon dioxide (CO2) being liberated.