Political parties
the judiciary
The maximum punishment in an impeachment trial is removal from office. Impeachment is a political process; a finding of guilt carries no legal penalties.
congressional district
Impeachment is when a president is taken to court, but if they win the case, or the senate doesn't get a majority vote to convict him, he won't be removed from office. Conviction is removal, and impeachment is accusation.
The constitution was created before political parties were, so neither
Very much so.
Political Parties.
Lacking the charisma and political astuteness of his predecessor, President Johnson's harsh public rebukes of Congress would lead to Contempt of Congress charges which would help lead to his eventual impeachment. His rebukes were a test of the checks and balances system and he was ultimately impeached because he was abusing his power.
No, it does not. There is no mention of political parties in the constitution, it is just how politics develops.
The advantage of getting congressional approval is that you will have political goodwill, the disadvantage is it might take long to get the approval.
the Congressional Campaign Committee
No, the party system is not mentioned in the Constitution.