the rulers were called caliphs.
the answer of caliphs. For answers please go to google and type in define: caliphs
Caliph
During early times, the rulers were the Caliphs who were elected after Muhammad died.
Africa and Asia.
Europe and Africa.
The Ottoman Turks established themselves as the premier Middle Eastern Muslim power.
the river that is completely within the Muslim lands of 661 is the Tigris River.
The Middle East occupied an important strategic position between Central Asia, Europe, and North Africa.
The renaissance spread to northern Europe by, when the renaissance started in Italy spread over to northern Europe and lands on the Middle East and Africa.
The Grass lands of South Africa are called the Savanna.
At its peak, south and west of the Rhine and Danube Rivers, the Middle East and North Africa.
Through imperialism.Many Muslims in Muslim land joined hands with Europeans.Europeans+Muslims ruled those lands.