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Slope movements are commonly preceded by a decrease in effective stress because there is a direct correlation between effective stress and the strength of a frictional material like soil, whereby as the effective stress decreases, the normal stress on any potential shear surface within the material also decreases. This in turn leads to a reduction in the shear strength of said surface. If this reduces to such an extent that the shear stress on the surface exceeds the frictional shear strength, movement can occur.

Further to this, slopes composed of fine grained clay soils will undergo shrink and swell cycles as effective stress changes occur which can lead to strain softening behaviour and progressive failure.

For more information see the related link.

In particular review the equation in section 3.4 where frictional strength on a theoretical slip surface is shown to be dependent on the total normal stress (sigma n) acting on the surface minus the pore water pressure (u) or in other words the strength is directly proportional to the normal effective stress).

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Q: Why are slope movements commonly preceded by a decrease in effective stress?
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