Parkinson's disease

Answer 1

Definition

Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the brain that leads to shaking (tremors) and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination.

Alternative Names

Paralysis agitans; Shaking palsy

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Parkinson's disease was first described in England in 1817 by Dr. James Parkinson. The disease most often develops after age 50. It is one of the most common nervous system disorders of the elderly. Sometimes Parkinson's disease occurs in younger adults, but is rarely seen in children. It affects both men and women.

In some cases, Parkinson's disease occurs in families. When a young person is affected, it is usually because of a form of the disease that runs in families.

Nerve cells use a brain chemical called dopamine to help control muscle movement. Parkinson's disease occurs when the nerve cells in the brain that make dopamine are slowly destroyed. Without dopamine, the nerve cells in that part of the brain cannot properly send messages. This leads to the loss of muscle function. The damage gets worse with time. Exactly why the brain cells waste away is unknown.

Parkinson's in children may occur because the nerves are not as sensitive to dopamine. Parkinson's is rare in children.

The term "parkinsonism" refers to any condition that involves the types of movement changes seen in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism may be caused by other disorders (such as secondary parkinsonism) or certain medications.

Symptoms

The disorder may affect one or both sides of the body. How much function is lost can vary.

Symptoms may be mild at first. For instance, the patient may have a mild tremor or a slight feeling that one leg or foot is stiff and dragging.

Symptoms include:

• Automatic movements (such as blinking) slow or stop
• Constipation
• Difficulty swallowing
• Drooling
• Impaired balance and walking
• Lack of expression in the face (mask-like appearance)
• Muscle achesand pains (myalgia)
• Problems with movement
  • Difficulty starting or continuing movement, such as starting to walk or getting out of a chair
  • Loss of small or fine hand movements (writing may become small and difficult to read, and eating becomes harder)
  • Shuffling gait
  • Slowed movements
• Rigid or stiff muscles (often beginning in the legs)
• Shaking, tremors
  • Tremors usually occur in the limbs at rest, or when the arm or leg is held out
  • Tremors go away during movement
  • Over time, tremor can be seen in the head, lips, tongue, and feet
  • May be worse when tired, excited, or stressed
  • Finger-thumb rubbing (pill-rolling tremor) may be present
• Slowed, quieter speech and monotone voice
• Stooped position

Other symptoms:

• Anxiety, stress, and tension
• Confusion
• Dementia
• Depression
• Fainting
• Hallucinations
• Memory loss
• Oily skin (seborrhea)

Signs and tests

The health care provider may be able to diagnose Parkinson's disease based on your symptoms and a physical examination. However, the symptoms can be difficult to assess, particularly in the elderly. The signs (tremor, change in muscle tone, problems walking, unsteady posture) become more clear as the illness progresses.

An examination may show:

• Difficulty starting or finishing voluntary movements
• Jerky, stiff movements
• Muscle atrophy
• Parkinson's tremors
• Variation in heart rate

Reflexes should be normal.

Tests may be needed to rule out other disorders that cause similar symptoms.

Treatment

There is no known cure for Parkinson's disease. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms.

Medications control symptoms, mostly by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain. At certain points during the day, the helpful effects of the medication often wears off, and symptoms can return. Your doctor need to be change the:

• Type of medication
• Dose
• Amount of time between doses
• How the medications are taken

Work closely with your doctors and therapists to adjust the treatment program. Never change or stop taking any medications without talking with your doctor.

Many medications can cause severe side effects, including hallucinations, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and delirium. Monitoring and follow-up by the health care provider is important.

Eventually, symptoms such as stooped posture, frozen movements, and speech difficulties may not respond very well to drug treatment.

Medications used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease are:

• Levodopa (L-dopa), Sinemet, levodopa and carbidopa (Atamet)
• Pramipexole (Mirapex), ropinirole (Requip), bromocriptine (Parlodel)
• Selegiline (Eldepryl, Deprenyl), rasagiline (Azilect)
• Amantadine or anticholinergic medications -- to reduce early or mild tremors
• Entacapone -- to prevent the breakdown of levodopa

Lifestyle changes that may be helpful for Parkinson's disease:

• Good general nutrition and health
• Exercising, but adjusting the activity level to meet changing energy levels
• Regular rest periods and avoiding stress
• Physical therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy
• Railings or banisters placed in commonly used areas of the house
• Special eating utensils
• Social workers or other counseling services to help you cope with the disorder and get assistance (such as Meals-on-Wheels)

Less commonly, surgery may be an option for patients with very severe Parkinson's disease who no longer respond to many medications. These surgeries do not cure Parkinson's, but may help some patients:

• In deep brain stimulation (DBS), the surgeon implants electrical stimulators in specific areas of the brain to help with movement.
• Another type of surgery destroys brain tissues that cause Parkinson's symptoms.

Support Groups

Support groups may help you cope with the changes caused by the disease.

See: Parkinson's disease - support group

Expectations (prognosis)

Untreated, the disorder will get worse until a person is totally disabled. Parkinson's may lead to a deterioration of all brain functions, and an early death.

Most people respond to medications. How much the medications relieve symptoms, and for how long can be very different in each person. The side effects of medications may be severe.

Complications

• Difficulty performing daily activities
• Difficulty swallowing or eating
• Disability (differs from person to person)
• Injuries from falls
• Pneumonia from breathing in (aspirating) saliva
• Side effects of medications

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if:

• You have symptoms of Parkinson's disease
• Symptoms get worse
• New symptoms occur

Also tell the health care provider about medication side effects, which may include:

• Changes in alertness, behavior or mood
• Delusional behavior
• Dizziness
• Hallucinations
• Involuntary movements
• Loss of mental functions
• Nausea and vomiting
• Severe confusion or disorientation

Also call your health care provider if the condition gets worse and home care is no longer possible.

References

Lang AE. When and how should treatment be started in Parkinson disease? Neurology. 2009;72(7 Suppl):S39-43.

Miyasaki JM, Shannon K, Voon V, Ravina B, Kleiner-Fisman G, Anderson K, et al. Practice Parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis, and dementia in Parkinson's disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;66:996-1002.

Pahwa R, Factor SA, Lyons KE, Ondo WG, Gronseth G, Bronte-Stewart H, et al. Practice Parameter: treatment of Parkinson disease with motor fluctuations and dyskinesia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;66:983-995.

Suchowersky O, Reich S, Perlmutter J, Zesiewicz T, Gronseth G, Weiner WJ. Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice Parameter: diagnosis and prognosis of new onset Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006.66:968-975.

Weaver FM, Follett K, Stern M, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation vs best medical therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(1):63-73.

Answer 2

In Parkinson's disease, dopamine production becomes irregular and inadequate and nerve cells cannot properly transmit messages. This results in the loss of muscle function. By providing an even, adequate supply of medication that the body converts into dopamine, neurons are able to transmit messages and tremors improve.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 09/26/2011

Luc Jasmin, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, and Department of Anatomy at UCSF, San Francisco, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, A.D.A.M., Inc.

Answer 3

Definition

Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the brain that leads to shaking (tremors) and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination.

Alternative Names

Paralysis agitans; Shaking palsy

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Parkinson's disease most often develops after age 50. It is one of the most common nervous system disorders of the elderly. Sometimes Parkinson's disease occurs in younger adults. It affects both men and women.

In some cases, Parkinson's disease runs in families. When a young person is affected, it is usually because of a form of the disease that runs in families.

Nerve cells use a brain chemical called dopamine to help control muscle movement. Parkinson's disease occurs when the nerve cells in the brain that make dopamine are slowly destroyed. Without dopamine, the nerve cells in that part of the brain cannot properly send messages. This leads to the loss of muscle function. The damage gets worse with time. Exactly why these brain cells waste away is unknown.

Parkinson's is rare in children. It may occur because the nerves are not as sensitive to dopamine.

The term "parkinsonism" refers to any condition that involves the types of movement changes seen in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism may be caused by other disorders (called secondary parkinsonism) or certain medications.

Symptoms

Symptoms may be mild at first. For instance, you may have a mild tremor or a slight feeling that one leg or foot is stiff and dragging. Symptoms may affect one or both sides of the body, and can include:

Symptoms include:

• Blinking
• Constipation
• Difficulty swallowing
• Drooling
• Problems with balance and walking
• No expression in the face (like you are wearing a mask)
• Muscle achesand pains
• Movement problems, which include:
  • Difficulty starting movement, such as starting to walk or getting out of a chair
  • Difficulty continuing to move
  • Slowed movements
  • Loss of small or fine hand movements; writing may become small and difficult to read; eating becomes difficults
• Rigid or stiff muscles, often beginning in the legs
• Shaking, called tremors
  • Usually occurs in the limbs at rest, or when the arm or leg is held out
  • Goes away when you move
  • Eventually may be seen in the head, lips, tongue, and feet
  • May be worse when tired, excited, or stressed
  • Finger-thumb rubbing (pill-rolling tremor) may be present
• Slowed, quieter speech and monotone voice
• Stooped position
• Low blood pressure when getting up, sweating, drooling, lack of body temperature control. These problems are due to something called autonomic dysfunction.

Other symptoms may include:

• Anxiety, stress, and tension
• Confusion
• Dementia
• Depression
• Fainting
• Hallucinations
• Memory loss

Signs and tests

Your health care provider may be able to diagnose Parkinson's disease based on your symptoms and a physical examination. However, the symptoms can be difficult to assess, particularly in the elderly. They become more clear as the illness gets worse.

A doctor's examination may show:

• Difficulty starting or finishing voluntary movements
• Jerky, stiff movements
• Muscle atrophy
• Shaking (tremors)
• Changes in your heart rate

Reflexes should be normal.

Tests may be needed to rule out other disorders that cause similar symptoms.

Treatment

There is no known cure for Parkinson's disease. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms.

Medications control symptoms, mostly by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain. At certain points during the day, the helpful effects of the medication often wears off, and symptoms can return. If this happens to you, your health care provider may need to change the:

• Type of medication
• Dose
• Amount of time between doses
• How the medicine is taken

Work closely with your doctors and therapists to find a treatment program that works best for you. Never change or stop taking any medications without talking with your doctor.

Many medications can cause severe side effects, including hallucinations, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and delirium. Monitoring and follow-up by the health care provider is important.

Eventually, symptoms such as stooped posture, frozen movements, and speech difficulties may not respond very well to drug treatment.

Medications used to treat movement-related symptoms of Parkinson's disease include:

• Levodopa (L-dopa), Sinemet, levodopa and carbidopa (Atamet)
• Pramipexole (Mirapex), ropinirole (Requip), bromocriptine (Parlodel)
• Selegiline (Eldepryl, Deprenyl), rasagiline (Azilect)
• Amantadine or anticholinergic medications to reduce early or mild tremors
• Entacapone

Other medications may include:

• Memantine, rivastigmine, galantamine for cognitive difficulties
• Antidepressants for mood disorders
• Gabapentin, duloxetine for pain
• Fludrocortisone, midodrine, botox, sidenafil for autonomic dysfunction
• Armodafinil, clonazepam, zolpidem for sleep disorders

Lifestyle changes may be helpful for Parkinson's disease:

• Good general nutrition and health. Changes in what you eat or drink are needed if there are swallowing problems
• Exercising, but adjusting the activity level to meet changing energy levels
• Regular rest periods and avoiding stress
• Physical therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy
• Railings or banisters placed in commonly used areas of the house. Other changes may be needed around the home to prevent falls and make the bathroom safe.
• Assistive devices, such as special eating utensils, wheelchairs, bed lifts, shower chairs, walkers, and wall bars
• Social workers or other counseling services to help you cope with the disorder and get assistance (such as Meals-on-Wheels)

Surgery may be an option for some patients with Parkinson's disease. These surgeries do not cure Parkinson's, but may help ease symptoms.

• Deep brain stimulation involves placing electrical stimulators in specific areas of the brain that control movement.
• Another type of surgery destroys brain issues that cause Parkinson's symptoms.
• Stem cell transplant and other clinical trials are currently ongoing in the USA. For information, see: www.pdtrials.org

Support Groups

Support groups may help you cope with the changes caused by the disease.

See: Parkinson's disease - support group

Expectations (prognosis)

Untreated, the disorder will get worse until a person is totally disabled. Parkinson's may lead to a deterioration of all brain functions, and an early death.

Most people respond to medications. How much the medications relieve symptoms, and for how long can be very different in each person. The side effects of medications may be severe.

Complications

• Difficulty performing daily activities
• Difficulty swallowing or eating
• Disability (differs from person to person)
• Injuries from falls
• Pneumonia from breathing in (aspirating) saliva
• Side effects of medications

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if:

• You have symptoms of Parkinson's disease
• Symptoms get worse
• New symptoms occur

Also tell the health care provider about medication side effects, which may include:

• Changes in alertness, behavior or mood
• Delusional behavior
• Dizziness
• Hallucinations
• Involuntary movements
• Loss of mental functions
• Nausea and vomiting
• Severe confusion or disorientation

Also call your health care provider if the condition gets worse and home care is no longer possible.

References

Lang AE. When and how should treatment be started in Parkinson disease? Neurology. 2009;72(7 Suppl):S39-43.

Weaver FM, Follett K, Stern M, et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation vs best medical therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301(1):63-73.

Zesiewicz TA, Sullivan KL, Arnulf I, Chaudhuri KR, Morgan JC, Gronseth GS, et al. Practice Parameter: treatment of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2010 Mar 16;74(11):924-31.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 09/26/2011

Luc Jasmin, MD, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, and Department of Anatomy at UCSF, San Francisco, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, A.D.A.M., Inc.