Hibernation is a physiological state in which certain animals enter a prolonged period of dormancy, typically during cold months, to conserve energy when food is scarce. During hibernation, an animal's metabolic rate decreases significantly, along with its heart rate and body temperature, allowing it to survive on stored body fat. This adaptation helps species like bears, ground squirrels, and bats endure harsh environmental conditions. Hibernation can last for weeks or months, depending on the species and environmental factors.