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The two principle countries involved were the United States and the Soviet Union, although by extension to this, each of these superpowers had a number of European nations bound to their defence by treaty. In the West this was NATO, which still exists and included Britain and all other Western European countries except France (which refused to join despite being a nuclear power), Ireland and Switzerland (which were neutral) and the 'non-aligned' nations of Sweden and Finland. Turkey is also a member of NATO. War against any one of the NATO powers was regarded as war upon NATO as a whole, a situation that pertains to this day. The USSR had the Warsaw Pact, otherwise known as the Eastern Bloc nations, which included all of the Central and Eastern European nations with the exception of the former Yugoslavia, which was a seperate federation of states on it's own and practiced a more liberal form of Communism that Russia disapproved of, but tolerated uneasily. As with NATO, any attack upon an Eastern Bloc nation was seen as an attack upon the Warsaw Pact as a whole.

So The Cold War was a stand-off between two huge power blocs, not just two single countries.

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