A synonym for "removed" is "taken away." Other alternatives include "eliminated," "extracted," and "separated," depending on the context in which it is used.
abollish, x-out, removed
AnswerFrequent
collect
Accomplish
flight
The Ponderosa
vocal,vociferous
pink and hot pink
bleached, bloodless, chalky
phonograph
annuity, apportionment, bequest
Genius, wonder, phenomenon