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What do you mean by panmictic and apomictic species?
Panmictic species are those that reproduce through random mating, allowing for a high level of genetic diversity within a population. This typically involves sexual reproduction, where offspring inherit a mix of genes from two parents. In contrast, apomictic species reproduce asexually, often through mechanisms like parthenogenesis, where seeds or offspring are produced without fertilization. This results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent, leading to less genetic diversity.
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In biology, a population is a number of all the organisms of the same group or species who live in a particular geographical area and are capable of interbreeding. The area of a sexual population is the area where inter-breeding is possible between any pair within the area and more probable than cross-breeding with individuals from other areas.In sociology, population refers to a collection of humans. Demography is a social science which entails the statistical study of populations. Population, in simpler terms, is the number of people in a city or town, region, country or world; population is usually determined by a process called census (a process of collecting, analyzing, compiling and publishing data). In population genetics a sexual population is a set of organisms in which any pair of members can breed together. This means that they can regularly exchange gametes to produce normally-fertile offspring, and such a breeding group is also known therefore as a gamodeme. This also implies that all members belong to the same species. If the gamodeme is very large (theoretically, approaching infinity), and all gene alleles are uniformly distributed by the gametes within it, the gamodeme is said to be panmictic. Under this state, allele (gamete) frequencies can be converted to genotype (zygote) frequencies by expanding an appropriate quadratic equation, as shown by Sir Ronald Fisher in his establishment of quantitative genetics.This seldom occurs in nature: localization of gamete exchange – through dispersal limitations, preferential mating, cataclysm, or other cause – may lead to small actual gamodemes which exchange gametes reasonably uniformly within themselves but are virtually separated from their neighboring gamodemes. However, there may be low frequencies of exchange with these neighbors. This may be viewed as the breaking up of a large sexual population (panmictic) into smaller overlapping sexual populations. This failure of panmixia leads to two important changes in overall population structure: (1) the component gamodemes vary (through gamete sampling) in their allele frequencies when compared with each other and with the theoretical panmictic original (this is known as dispersion, and its details can be estimated using expansion of an appropriate binomial equation); and (2) the level of homozygosity rises in the entire collection of gamodemes. The overall rise in homozygosity is quantified by the inbreeding coefficient (f or φ). Note that all homozygotes are increased in frequency – both the deleterious and the desirable. The mean phenotype of the gamodemes collection is lower than that of the panmictic original – which is known as inbreeding depression. It is most important to note, however, that some dispersion lines will be superior to the panmictic original, while some will be about the same, and some will be inferior. The probabilities of each can be estimated from those binomial equations. In plant and animal breeding, procedures have been developed which deliberately utilize the effects of dispersion (such as line breeding, pure-line breeding, backcrossing). It can be shown that dispersion-assisted selection leads to the greatest genetic advance (ΔG=change in the phenotypic mean), and is much more powerful than selection acting without attendant dispersion. This is so for both allogamous (random fertilization) and autogamous (self-fertilization) gamodemes.In ecology, the population of a certain species in a certain area can be estimated using the Lincoln Index. According to the United States Census Bureau the world's population was about 7.55 billion in 2019 and that the 7 billion number was surpassed on 12 March 2012. According to a separate estimate by the United Nations, Earth's population exceeded seven billion in October 2011, a milestone that offers unprecedented challenges and opportunities to all of humanity, according to UNFPA.According to papers published by the United States Census Bureau, the world population hit 6.5 billion on 24 February 2006. The United Nations Population Fund designated 12 October 1999 as the approximate day on which world population reached 6 billion. This was about 12 years after the world population reached 5 billion in 1987, and six years after the world population reached 5.5 billion in 1993. The population of countries such as Nigeria is not even known to the nearest million, so there is a considerable margin of error in such estimates.Researcher Carl Haub calculated that a total of over 100 billion people have probably been born in the last 2000 years. Population growth increased significantly as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace from 1700 onwards. The last 50 years have seen a yet more rapid increase in the rate of population growth due to medical advances and substantial increases in agricultural productivity, particularly beginning in the 1960s, made by the Green Revolution. In 2017 the United Nations Population Division projected that the world's population will reach about 9.8 billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion in 2100. In the future, the world's population is expected to peak, after which it will decline due to economic reasons, health concerns, land exhaustion and environmental hazards. According to one report, it is very likely that the world's population will stop growing before the end of the 21st century. Further, there is some likelihood that population will actually decline before 2100. Population has already declined in the last decade or two in Eastern Europe, the Baltics and in the Commonwealth of Independent States.The population pattern of less-developed regions of the world in recent years has been marked by gradually declining birth rates. These followed an earlier sharp reduction in death rates. This transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates is often referred to as the demographic transition. Human population control is the practice of altering the rate of growth of a human population. Historically, human population control has been implemented with the goal of limiting the rate of population growth. In the period from the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about global population growth and its effects on poverty, environmental degradation, and political stability led to efforts to reduce population growth rates. While population control can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction, a few programs, most notably the Chinese government's one-child per family policy, have resorted to coercive measures. In the 1970s, tension grew between population control advocates and women's health activists who advanced women's reproductive rights as part of a human rights-based approach. Growing opposition to the narrow population control focus led to a significant change in population control policies in the early 1980s.
What are some nine letter words with 3rd letter N and 4th letter M and 9th letter C?
According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 2 words with the pattern --NM----C. That is, nine letter words with 3rd letter N and 4th letter M and 9th letter C. In alphabetical order, they are: nonmetric panmictic
What are some nine letter words with 2nd letter A and 4th letter M and 6th letter C?
According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 9 words with the pattern -A-M-C---. That is, nine letter words with 2nd letter A and 4th letter M and 6th letter C. In alphabetical order, they are: balmacaan caimacams gammocked haemocoel haemocyte mammocked naumachia panmictic tarmacked
What are some nine letter words with 2nd letter A and 3rd letter N and 5th letter I and 6th letter C?
According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 10 words with the pattern -AN-IC---. That is, nine letter words with 2nd letter A and 3rd letter N and 5th letter I and 6th letter C. In alphabetical order, they are: bandicoot canticles canticoed canticoys canticums handicaps manticora manticore panmictic pannicles
What are some nine letter words with 4th letter M and 5th letter I and 6th letter C and 7th letter T and 9th letter C?
According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 2 words with the pattern ---MICT-C. That is, nine letter words with 4th letter M and 5th letter I and 6th letter C and 7th letter T and 9th letter C. In alphabetical order, they are: apomictic panmictic
What are some nine letter words with 6th letter C and 7th letter T and 8th letter I?
According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 23 words with the pattern -----CTI-. That is, nine letter words with 6th letter C and 7th letter T and 8th letter I. In alphabetical order, they are: agalactia analectic anorectic antarctic apodictic apomictic ataractic cachectic cathectic climactic dialectic dyslectic dystectic endeictic epidictic geotactic isotactic panmictic prolactin stalactic subarctic syntactic syntectic
What are some nine letter words with 4th letter M and 5th letter I and 7th letter T?
According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 23 words with the pattern ---MI-T--. That is, nine letter words with 4th letter M and 5th letter I and 7th letter T. In alphabetical order, they are: animistic apomictic atomistic badminton chemistry chymistry committal committed committee committer formiates helminths palmister palmistry panmictic permitted permittee permitter reemitted submittal submitted submitter unsmitten
What are some nine letter words with 5th letter I and 7th letter T and 8th letter I and 9th letter C?
According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 60 words with the pattern ----I-TIC. That is, nine letter words with 5th letter I and 7th letter T and 8th letter I and 9th letter C. In alphabetical order, they are: agonistic amoristic anabiotic animistic apodictic apomictic atavistic atheistic atomistic ballistic bibliotic casuistic cladistic dadaistic diaristic dioristic dualistic egotistic endeictic epibiotic epidictic fascistic faunistic fideistic floristic fluviatic heuristic hubristic hybristic imagistic ischiatic lamaistic meroistic mydriatic narcistic onanistic panmictic panoistic patriotic patristic pianistic pietistic prebiotic probiotic protistic psoriatic realistic scabietic scoliotic semeiotic soloistic sophistic statistic stylistic symbiotic touristic tropistic utopistic wholistic zoobiotic
What is a 9 letter words starting with p and ending with c?
paedeutic paideutic pancosmic pancratic panegyric panmictic panoistic panoramic pansophic pantropic parabolic paradisic paragogic paralytic paramedic paranoeic paranoiac parasitic paratonic paregoric paroemiac paronymic parotitic patriotic patristic pearlitic pedagogic pediatric pedocalic pedogenic pedologic peirastic pericopic peridotic peroxidic perthitic pharaonic pharisaic philippic phlebitic phrenetic phrenitic phyllitic phyllomic pianistic picolinic pietistic pilgarlic pinocytic pisolitic plasmatic plethoric pleuritic pneumatic pneumonic podiatric polybasic polyconic polygamic polygenic polymeric polysomic polytenic polytypic pontianac porogamic poromeric pragmatic preatomic prebiotic preexilic premosaic presbytic prismatic proclitic prodromic proleptic prophasic prophetic prostatic proteinic prothetic protistic protozoic psalmodic psammitic psephitic psoriatic psychotic puritanic pyodermic pyorrheic pyramidic pyrogenic pyrolytic pyroxenic pyroxylic
What are some nine letter words with 1st letter A and 4th letter O and 6th letter I and 9th letter C?
According to SOWPODS (the combination of Scrabble dictionaries used around the world) there are 1 words with the pattern -A---OCIN. That is, nine letter words with 2nd letter A and 6th letter O and 7th letter C and 8th letter I and 9th letter N. In alphabetical order, they are: vasotocin
Another science word that starts with a P?
P element P1 P1-derived artificial chromosome P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) P53 PAC pachynema Paleontology palindrome Palindromic sequence pAMP Pan balance Panel testing panmictic papilla papillate paracentric inversion paralogous genes paramecin parameters parapatric speciation Parasegment border parasexual cycle parasite Parasitism Parasitology parasympathetic nervous system paratope parent generation parental ditype (PD) parenteral parietal lobes parthenogenesis partial digest particle particulate inheritance parts per billion (ppb) Parts per million (ppm) Pascal's triangle passive diffusion passive transport paternally path diagram pathogen pathogenesis pathogenic pathogenicity pathology pathovar patient patroclinous inheritance pattern formation pBR 322 pBR322 PCR PCR amplicons pedigree pelagic pellet Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) penetrance pent- peptide peptide bond peptidyl site peptidyl transferase per- percent coefficient of variation percent concentration percent error percent yield peri- peri-natal pericentric inversion pericentromere perinatal period periodic law peripheral membrane protein peripheral nervous system (PNS) peripheral neurons peripheral neuropathy periphyton permissive condition permissive temperature peroxidase Persistence Pest sequence Pesticide petite petite mutation petrifaction pH pH scale phagocytes phagocytosis pharmacotyping pharyngeal arches pharynx phasmid Phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) phenocopy phenotype phenotypic sex determination phenotypic variance Phenylalanine phenylketonuria (pku) pheromone Philadelphia chromosome phloem Phosphatase Phosphate group phosphodiester bond phosphodiesterase Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) phospholipids Phosphorus (P) phosphorylate Phosphorylation photic zone photoautotroph photoheterotroph photon photoreactivation Photorespiration phragmospore phyletic gradualism phylloplane phylogenetic tree physical change physical chemistry Physical map phytoplankton phytoplasma phytotoxic phytotoxin piebald pilus (plural pili) Pipettes Pituitary pK pKa placebo placenta planet plankton plant plant breeding plaque plasma Plasma membrane plasmalemma plasmid plasmid suicide vector plasmogamy plasmolysis plastid plate platelet platelet-activating factor (PAF) Pleiotrophy pleiotropic mutation pleiotropy pleo- plerome plesionecrosis plexus ploidy Pluripotency PMA poikilothermal point mutation Poisson distribution poky mutation polar polar body polar covalent bond polar effect polar gene conversion polar granules polar molecule polar mutation polarity polarity gene Pole cells Pollen grain pollinator Poly(A) polymerase poly- poly-A tail poly-dA/poly-dT technique polyacrylamide Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis polyadenosine tail polyatomic polycistronic polycistronic mRNA Polyclonal antibodies polydactyly polyethylene polygene polygenic Polygenic disorder polygenic inheritance polyinvagination islands Polylinker Polymer polymerase (DNA or RNA) polymerase chain reaction polymerase slippage polymerase slippage model polymerize polymodal polymorphism polynucleate Polynucleotide polynucleotide phosphorylase polynucleotide polymerase polyolefin polypeptide polyphenism polyphyletic polyploid polysaccharide polysome polyspermy polytene chromosome Polyvalent vaccine pons population population density Population genetics position effect position-effect variegation Positional cloning Positional information positive assortative mating positive control positive interference post- post-transcriptional modification posterior neuropore postmortem postreplicative repair Postsynaptic Membrane potential energy potentiometric titration pre- pre-mRNA pre-symptomatic pre-synaptic terminal precipitate precision precocious predation predator preemptor stem preformationism Premarket Approval prey Pribnow box Primary cell primary consumer primary oocyte primary spermatocyte primary structure primary transcript primase primer primitive folds primitive streak primosome prion prion rods pro-inflammatory cytokines probability probability theory probe Probe Amplification processivity producer product product of meiosis product rule proflavin progeny testing prokaryote prokaryotic cell prolepsis proliferate Proline promoter Pronucleus proofread prophage prophase proplastid propositus prosencephalon prostaglandins prostate gland protamine protease proteasome protein protein aggregate protein synthesis Proteolytic Proteome Proteomics proto-oncogene protocorm proton proton acceptor proton donor proton gradient protoplast protostomes prototroph provirus prox- proximal PrP pseudo- pseudoallele pseudoautosomal gene pseudodominance pseudogene pull down assays pull-down assays pulse-chase experiment pulsed-field gel electrophoresis punctuated equilibrium Punnett square pure pure-breeding line or strain purines Purkinje cells putamen pycnosis pygmism pyknosis pyramidal nerve cells pyriform pyrimidine pyruvate pyruvic acid
