Meteorology and Weather

Aluminium. Assuming you meant "metal" in the chemical sense and not the astronomical sense, and that you don't consider silicon a metal. If you meant in the astronomical sense, then oxygen.

They are called trenches.

warm and wet

The lifting and removal of loose material by wind is called deflation. (Deflation is a type of erosion)

(If you look up deflation, try "deflation geology" because if you don't add geology, only the economic meanings will come up.)

Mercury

The size. The gaseous Jovian planets are far larger than the inner terrestrial planets.

Neptune is extremely windy.

Yes. Sydney lies within the temperate climate zone.

In 2001, the NEAR-Shoemaker space probe became the first unmanned probe to soft-land on an asteroid, although it was primarily designed to do its studies from orbit.

Launched in 1996, it orbited the near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros for about a year, and in February 2001 used the last of its propellant to soft-land on the asteroid. Since it was undamaged, it continued to perform surface studies until it was shut down, about two weeks later.

The earth's atmosphere contains trace gases, some of which absorb heat. These gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide) are referred to as greenhouse gases.

rates of precipitation

"meteors"

Warmer and wetter

The greatest number of thunderstorms in the world occur in Lake Victoria, Uganda, Africa. In the United States, the greatest number of thunderstorms are seen in Lakeland, Florida.

mars

radiometric dating.

Pluto

gasses

Barrier islands form as the result of wave or tidal flow parallel to a coastline.

No. Galaxies are well beyond our solar system. Our solar system is just one tiny part of the Milky Way Galaxy.

greenhouse effect

The geocentric modelof the universe stated that the earth was at the centre of the universe.