It ended when Athens lost the Peloponnesian War and was stripped of its empire, and the empire's money which bankrolled the prosperity.
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Socrates
The Golden Age referred to the prosperity and cultural advancement of the community. Socrates was executed because he was teaching some students to think for themselves, rather than blindly following religious and political customs. These inhibitions did not affect the advancement of culture and prosperity of a Golden Age, but rather challenged how the state operated politically and religiously.
Philosophers Socrates, Plato and Aristotle,Phidias - the greatest sculptor and Pericles a great leader were from this golden age of Athens.
Islam had a golden age. Islamism has never had a golden age.
It introduced democracy (Athens), the Delian League (Greece's NATO & UN), philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle), and religion (Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hera, Ares, Aphrodite, etc.)