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At the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the nationalists, led by the Kuomintang (KMT) under Chiang Kai-shek, were defeated by the Communist Party of China, led by Mao Zedong. The nationalists retreated to Taiwan, where they established a government in exile. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on October 1, 1949, marking the end of the civil war and solidifying Communist control over mainland China. The KMT continued to govern Taiwan, where it maintained a separate political system for several decades.

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