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The 9th Cavalry was a black regiment, with white officers, formed in 1866 in Louisiana. Originally its subunits were companies, but this designation was changed for cavalry regiments to troops in 1883. The 9th and 10th (Negro) Cavalry were the famed "buffalo soldiers" of the Great Plains and the post Civil War Indian actions. The name was given them by the Plains tribes. The 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments, along with the 24th and 25th Infantry Regiments, were for many years the traditional black units of the US Army. These were very proud and extremely professional units. The ranks were full of men who served for many years, and the regiments could be very selective about which men were accepted for enlistment. In 1898 they fought in the Spanish-American War in Cuba, alongside Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders. The 9th and 10th Cavalry lacked commanders with the genius for self-promotion of Roosevelt, and so did not get the credit that Roosevelt obtained for the Rough Riders through his connections in the press, but they were right there the whole way. The 9th Cavalry then spent several years in the Philippines, fighting in the Moro Insurrection, and was back in the states to take part in the "Punitive Expedition" led by Blackjack Pershing in 1916 into northern Mexico, chasing Poncho Villa and his band. Pershing - who would soon be named to command the Americans sent to France - was called Blackjack for his service as an officer in the 10th Cavalry. After the Punitive Expedition the 9th Cavalry returned to the Philippines, and remained there during WWI.

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