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The surprise weapon that significantly aided the Spanish in conquering both the Aztec and Incan Empires was the use of firearms, particularly cannons and matchlock muskets. These advanced weapons, combined with superior military tactics and the element of surprise, allowed the relatively small Spanish forces to inflict devastating damage on larger indigenous armies. Additionally, the psychological impact of these weapons, alongside the spread of diseases like smallpox, weakened the empires' resistance and facilitated Spanish conquest.

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