The element you are referring to is Mercury (Hg). It has 80 protons, which is more than gold (Au) with 79 protons but fewer than thallium (Tl), which has 81 protons. Mercury is known for being a liquid at room temperature and is often used in thermometers and other scientific applications.
there is no such element
The element with 8 fewer protons than calcium is magnesium. Calcium has 20 protons, while magnesium has 12 protons.
Neon has 0 valence electrons so it is not possible to have an element with fewer valence electrons. There can, therefore, be no such element.
Chlorine.
When U-238 emits an alpha particle, it loses two protons. This results in the atom transforming into a different element (Th-234) which has two fewer protons in the nucleus.
there is no such element
The element with 8 fewer protons than calcium is magnesium. Calcium has 20 protons, while magnesium has 12 protons.
The element in group 16 with more protons than sodium but fewer protons than argon is sulfur (S). Sodium has 11 protons, sulfur has 16 protons, and argon has 18 protons.
The vast majority
The element in group 2 with fewer protons than potassium is beryllium. Beryllium has 4 protons in its nucleus whereas potassium has 19 protons. Both elements are found in group 2 of the periodic table.
The element described is chlorine. It has 7 valence electrons, which is more than oxygen but fewer than neon. Chlorine has 17 protons, more than sodium but fewer than argon.
Argon, atomic number 18, since it is between chlorine and potassium on the Periodic Table of Elements.
Neon has 0 valence electrons so it is not possible to have an element with fewer valence electrons. There can, therefore, be no such element.
Neon has 0 valence electrons so it is not possible to have an element with fewer valence electrons. There can, therefore, be no such element.
Cl Chlorine
The element described would be phosphorus. Phosphorus has 5 valence electrons (more than oxygen) and 15 protons (more than sodium but fewer than argon).
This would be Sb - Antimony.