Christian View
Basically, there isn't one except the promise from Moses of a great 'deliverer to come:
Deuteronomy 18:15New King James Version (NKJV) A New Prophet Like Moses15 "The Lord your God will raise up for you a Prophet like me from your midst, from your brethren. Him you shall hear,In particular during the lifespan of Christ, 1st Century Israel expected the promised Prophet to come as a great military leader who would organize a Jewish army to liberate them from Roman occupation. Their common view of themselves was that they were God's righteous victims deserving freedom, not sinners needing His forgiveness. They anticipated a conquering King-not a Savior who would solve the problem of sin by dying for them. As a result, a Messiah who would die for their sins rather than lead a rebellion against the Roman army for the purpose of reestablishing the throne of David was to them a 'stumbling block:'
1 Corinthians 1:23New King James Version (NKJV)23 but we preach Christ crucified, to the Jews a stumbling block and to the Greeks foolishness,
Yet God does not keep mankind in the dark but reveals to those He calls His Plan for the Salvation of all Mankind:
Amos 3:7New King James Version (NKJV)7 Surely the Lord God does nothing, Unless He reveals His secret to His servants the prophets.
Though the 'Chosen People,' they were like most people today not having God's Holy Spirit to enlighten them (see Isaiah 25:7) of His Great Plan to save all of mankind from their sins - negating their chances to be with Him in Eternity. God gave Israel His 7 Annual Holy Days which foreshadowed events leading up to the Great White Throne Judgment. However, only the 'fathers' and the prophets could understand part or most of this plan in their day. The Book of Hebrews, written by Saul of Tarsus who became the Apostle Paul elaborates on this and he identifies Jesus as the Christ and Messiah of mankind.
Jewish View
It is important to clarify the difference between the Jewish understanding of the word "salvation" and the Christian concept of "salvation".
In Christianity, salvation is about the purification of the heart/soul and atonement for sin. Christianity puts strong stock in this notion because, in Christianity, a person must be pure to go to the "good place", i.e. Heaven. The idea of having a person's soul cleansed and his sins atoned for in Judaism is typically called redemption (geula - גאולה). Judaism does hold that God redeems the Jewish people who pray in repentance to him and will redeem the Jewish people as a whole in the Messianic Age.
As concerns actual salvation in Judaism (yeshua - ישועה), the act of salvation is the bringing of the Messianic Age and will only occur at a certain time and a certain place of God's choosing in the future. It is important to note that many Christians believe that the name Jesus from this same root which is how he came to be called the savior, in connection to this event of Messianic salvation. Of course, as Jews do not believe that salvation has come yet, Jesus is not considered a savior nor the bringer of salvation.
It should be added that Jews do not believe in original sin. According to Judaism, all persons are born with the capacity for both good and evil. Therefore, the concept of salvation does not have the same significance for most Jews as for Christians. Repentance and the promise of atonement are expectations during the High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. The ten Days of Repentance between these two observances are known as Aseret Yemei Teshuvah.
It should also be noted that Jews do not accept the Christian idea that "they were wrong to expect a Messiah who would actually accord with the political as well as the spiritual prophecies." Please see the Related Question below for why Jews did not accept Jesus as the Christ and an expiation.
Belief in God and in the Torah.
Only One God.
NO -------- According to some Christian beliefs, everyone is a sinner and is only saved through the grace of God. So in these beliefs, saved people are indeed sinners.
The doctrine of "once saved, always saved" is not compatible with Catholic beliefs. The Catholic Church teaches that salvation is a lifelong journey that requires ongoing faith, good works, and cooperation with God's grace.
Jerusalem
Israel
Rabbis and cantors
Of course not.
The is no such thing as a "judaism".
According to Christian beliefs, one is saved by accepting Jesus Christ as their savior and believing in his sacrifice for their sins. This is believed to grant eternal life and forgiveness of sins.
I think so there is only a slight difference in some of their beliefs not the core beliefs.
Judaism does not have a centralized leadership.