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Around 1440BC, at Mount Sinai. God gave it to Moses on a slate of stone (Exodus 20, Deuteronomy 5).
Other scholarly sources put the Ten Commandments and the Exodus period between 1270-1230 B.C.E.
We don't know the exact year the Ten Commandments were received. However, many biblical scholars and historians estimate it around 1270 BCE. Some others estimate it to be older and around 1445 BCE.
Three months after leaving Egypt, while they werecamped at the foot of Mt. Sinai, God delivered the Ten Commandments to the Israelites
In the beginning.
"Sin" is the "transgression [breaking] of the law" (I John 3:4).
Therefore, if Adam and Eve "sinned"... then they broke the law and the Ten Commandments were in effect, and established.
The Book of Exodus tells us that God gave the Ten Commandments to Moses. In chapters 25-27, he was instructed to build an elaborate ark of shittim wood, fine linen and cloth, leather, gold and gems - probably enough to bankrupt a prosperous nation - in which to keep the tablets. In 1 Samuel 6:14, the Levites placed the sacred Ark of the Covenant upon a stone in a field belonging to Joshua the Bet-Shemite. In 1 Samuel chapter 4, the Ark of the Covenant was captured by the Philistines, who killed the two sons of Eli, the priest.
The Ark of the Covenant continued to play a role in the legend of the United Kingdom. According to Psalm 132, this most sacred artefact of the Hebrews was found abandoned in a field! 2 Samuel chapter 6 describes how David moved the ark to its place in the tabernacle. God must have had a renewed interest in the ark: for example he killed Uzzah just for touching the ark in order to steady it while it was being transported on a cart. The author had no doubt that God was actually seated 'between the cherubim', with frequent references such as David dancing 'before the Lord', and God blessing a household for hosting the ark.
All the above accounts refer back to the legendary period of Israelite history. There is nothing further regarding the whereabouts of the Ark of the Covenant, and therefore presumably of the tablets holding the Ten Commandments, in The Bible as we move closer to the time of writing. A Jewish tradition, from long after the Old Testament had bee finalised, suggests that the Jews must have buried the Ark at the start of the Babylonian Exile, in order to prevent the sacred artefacts falling into the hands of the Babylonians. The lateness of that tradition militates against it being based on fact, even if further traditions insist that this was based on accurate oral testimony handed down through the centuries.
There is nothing to suggest that the Ark and the tablets of the Ten Commandments have ever been found, at least since the Babylonian Exile. In fact there is no evidence they ever existed except in legend.