Medieval Religion

A morrow mass is a mass celebrated early in the morning.

from you

clergy

(born c. 1118, Cheapside, London, Eng. - died Dec. 29, 1170, Canterbury, Kent; canonized 1173; feast day December 29) Archbishop of Canterbury (1162 - 70). The son of a Norman merchant, he served as chancellor of England (1155 - 62) under Henry II, whose entire trust he won. A brilliant administrator, diplomat, and military strategist, he aided the king in increasing the royal power. Resistant to the Gregorian reform movement that asserted the autonomy of the church, Henry hoped to reinforce royal control of the church by appointing Becket archbishop of Canterbury in 1162. Becket, however, embraced his new duties devoutly and opposed royal power in the church, especially proclaiming the right of offending clerics to be tried in ecclesiastical courts. The king issued the Constitutions of Clarendon (1164) listing royal rights over the church, and he summoned the archbishop to trial. Becket fled to France and remained in exile until 1170, when he returned to Canterbury and was murdered in the cathedral by four of Henry's knights, traditionally said to be acting in response to the king's angry words. Becket's tomb, which was visited by Henry in an act of penance, became a site of pilgrimage.

Yes, it seems William Fitzstephen saw Becket's Murder.

There is an article in Wikipedia on William Fitzstephen. Though it is only about three sentences long, it does give us this much information.

There is a link to it below.

Ano Domino, or after Christ, the better and more politically correct suffix to a date is CE meaning "Common Era" or BCE meaning "Before the Common Era".

Prevailing beliefs varied with time and place. Most people in Europe during most of the Middle Ages were Christian, and their beliefs in the supernatural were Christian beliefs, including a belief in God, the divinity of Jesus, Heaven, Hell, angels, the Devil, and so on.

There were some Jews scattered through much of Europe, and Muslims in Spain and, later, in the Balkans, and their views were similar to those of the Christians, apart from their beliefs in Jesus.

There were witches in the Middle Ages, but people did not pay much attention to them until later. The laws of the Lombards and of Charlemagne made burning a witch a crime unless it could be proven that the witch had killed someone with a curse. Things got tougher for witches in the last hundred years or so of the Middle Ages, and much tougher than than later on. I have no idea what the witches believed, but I do believe there are no written records.

In the early Middle Ages, there were Druids in Gaul and Britain, but the things recorded about them are not what I would call reliable enough to believe a single word. Certain Caesar's descriptions of them were very much in line with his own political ambitions.

The Germanic tribes who remained in Germany and Scandinavia, and the Slavs in Poland and Russia, included a fair number of pagans, and these people had pagan beliefs in gods and afterlife. At least some believed in the Germanic gods, with implications about the departed souls of the worthy inhabiting Valhalla in an afterlife.

Apart from issues of religion, people believed much the same sort of things people believe today. Many people did and do believe in ghosts. Many people did and do believe in Astrology. We can go on, but there is not much new, and there was not much lost.

A summoner who meets a yeoman one day who asks him what he does, but rather than admit he is a summoner, an odious profession, he says he is a bailiff. The yeoman says he is also a bailiff and when the summoner asks how he makes money the yeoman admits in any underhand way he can. The summoner agrees this is also how he works and then, in the spirit of confession, the yeoman says that he is actually a daemon from hell. This does not seem to overtly concern the summoner and he simply asks how he is able to take human form. They come upon a carter damning his stubborn horses to hell; when they do move he praises God. The summoner criticizes the daemon for not capitalizing on this situation and taking the horses, but the daemon explains that since the man was not sincere in cursing the horses he couldn't take them. The summoner then says that he will show the daemon how it is done, by extorting money from an old widow woman even though he admits there is nothing legitimate to summon her for. They go to her house and the summoner demands a bribe from her or he will summon her to court on a spurious charge. He also demands she give him her new pan in payment for an old debt, falsely claiming he paid a fine to get her off a charge of adultery. The old woman is so incensed she damns the summoner unless the summoner repents his false charges; the summoner refuses to repent and the daemon, obligingly, takes his soul-and the old woman's pan-to hell.

Dumb ball

Latin.

Some say he represented the best of humans (honorable, brave, chivalry, etc) and Christian knights or just Christians in general.

This is clearly your homework and there is a worksheet or a review page in the textbook that you need to answer. Wiki doesn't do homework and you need to answer this yourself.

Although much of Medieval period was barbaric, the best term is Postclassical. Neolithic would be the Stone Age, which came much earlier. Enthnocentric is when you focus on just one culture/ethnicity and can be applied to any period if that is how you focus.

monasteries, Priests, church - were all very important parts of religion.

guild

Often, torture was used to punish and kill people deemed heretics during the Spanish Inquisition. Different forms of torture that often resulted in death included starvation, excessive consumption of water, or burning coals.

India

Slavery was not supported by the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. In fact, the Catholic Church denounced slavery on a number of occasions and attempted to get rulers to make it illegal. When the English King Henry I abolished slavery in 1102, it was a result of an appeal from a council of Catholic theologians.

Slavery existed in Europe from ancient times, and so was considered normal at the beginning of the Middle Ages. It was a form of punishment for people who had been fined for criminal acts and could not pay the fines, in the Early Middle Ages. It also existed in parts of Europe where raiders took captives frequently. And it was tolerated, at least at times, by all religions when the person being enslaved was of some other religion. This meant that it was tolerated much more in Eastern Europe than in the West. But it was never supported.

There is a link below.

Four of the five attackers witnessed his death and there were a few members of the cathedral staff present who later wrote accounts of the murder.

Of the attackers, the knights Reginald fitzUrse, William de Tracy and Richard le Breton and the chaplain Hugh de Horsea actually struck the Archbishop with their swords, killing him. The fourth knight, Hugh de Morville, had been posted at a small doorway to prevent anyone coming to aid the Archbishop and he may not have seen the murder.

With Thomas Becket were the secular clerk Edward Grim and another clerk to the Archbishop, William firzStephen. Edward Grim attempted to ward of a sword cut and had his arm nearly cut off. It is possible that few monks had walked into the chapel with Thomas Becket, but it is not clear if they remained to witness the murder or if they went to join the other monks singing Vespers in the choir.

Edward Grim's account of the murder was written soon afterwards and is considered the most reliable version by many historians.

There is no particular religion associated with court jesters. When Oliver Cromwell came to power in England, he did away with court jesters, but not because they were associated with a specific religion. Instead, the jester was associated with decadence and sloth, two things Puritans wanted to distance themselves from. Of course, jesters were featured in courts all throughout Europe, so their religions obviously varied.

The Jester or "The Fool" does have a connection to the occult in that The Fool is the first tarot card in the Major Arcana. There is some associated with the devil because of the headpieces the jesters wore, but that seems to merely have implied that the jester was wicked or impish, a little devil.

Jesters were very often disabled in some way, as well. They suffered from dwarfism, marfanism, or clubbed feet; really anything that made them appear outwardly unusual. These deformities were used to comedic effect, but there was a darker association with so called "freaks of nature".

For instance, Xerxes famously kept a human menageries of human oddities, and what could be more Unchristian to Puritanical Christians than a Persian conqueror who holds bawdy freak parties in his spare time.

Also, Christians saw the deformed or congenitally sick as being associated with the devil, because what they were suffering was apparently a curse or a blight from the dark one himself. If you want to know the individual religions of jesters, research specific ones. I believe the patron saint of Poles was himself a jester.

A major goal of the christian church during the crusades 1096-1291 was to?

Quaestors, popularly called "Pardoners", were Church officials who had three activities: selling relics, preaching and granting indulgences (pardons for sins committed and confessed to a parish priest).

before the year 1000 trade was not very comman in europe afer that year how ever you are so lazy to go read in the text book 6 grade from I.S 72