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A large cannon fired at a high angle.
See the related link to the M198 155mm towed howitzer and the M109A self propelled howitzer.
howitzer is a class of gun with many different variants you need to be more specific. but the max range of a M777 howitzer is 30.1 km (rap assisted).
mortar, howitzer
howitzers were made in the early 17th century
Yes, "Howitzer" is generally capitalized. It is a proper noun and refers to a specific type of artillery cannon.