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The prime reason was the need for spice. Spice used to come from India, and was transported over land to the west. When the Ottomans seized control of the Middle East, they made the transport caravans pay a huge fee for passing trough, which in turn increased the cost of spice. So eventually the Spanish and Portugese decided to go around Africa with ships, and buy the spice cheap in India. Columbus believed that if you sail to the west you will reach India faster, but he ended up discovering the Carribean. He thought that it was India, so sometimes the natives of America are called Indians.

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