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Marathon running, under certain conditions, leads to hyponatremia. Races of 25-50 miles can result in the loss of great quantities (8 to 10 liters) of sweat, which contains both sodium and water.
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Hyponatremia is a conditioned caused by water overload also known as water intoxication or water poisoning.
People running marathons often drink water too quickly and when water is ingested more quickly than the body can process it it causes a condition known as water intoxication or water overload or water poisoning.
These conditions can cause hyponatremia.
Healthy adult kidneys are capable of processing 15 liters of water or almost 4 U.S. gallons, per day, if one drinks the water in small quantities spread throughout the entire day.
It is not advisable, however, to drink 15 liters of water daily over a long period.
The United States Department of Agriculture, food and nutrition information center, in general recommends an average daily fluid intake, including liquids from foods and other beverages, of 2.7 liters or 91 ounces for women, and 3.7 liters or 125 ounces for men spread throughout the day.
It is important to realize that the center's recommendation varies more or less with body mass, activity level, heat, humidity, and health status.
In addition, the average healthy person should ingest no more than approximately 240 milliliters, or close to 8 ounces, in roughly an hour giving the body adequate time to absorb use and excrete the water effectively.
People with known health conditions, particularly conditions affecting water balance, should discuss hydration with a doctor specializing in their particular medical concern.
See the related ink that discusses hyponatremia in relation to water intoxication in detail with sources.
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