Examples: sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, potassium dichromate, uranyle nitrate, calcium nitrate, lithium chloride, citric acid, sugar, etc. In general terms, salts, acids and bases.
insoluble
Giant covalent substances like diamond tend not to dissolve in anything. Non polar molecular substances such as hydrocarbons are not attracted to water.
It depends on the physical properties of the substance. Sometimes heating a hydrophobic substance can increase solubility. Also, heating may cause the substance to denature and dissolve. In the case of proteins, proteins can contain many hydrophobic parts but still be soluble in water. However, hydrophobic substances do not typically dissolve in water, due to the polar nature of water. Typically, scientists use the word "hydrophobic" only to describe substances that have a negligible solubility in water. You may have meant to ask "why do hydrophilic substances dissolve in water".
Substances that do not dissolve are insolubles, because they are not soluble they do not dissolve.
heterogeneous mixture
Nutilite's vitamins dissolve in water.
Salt and Sugar dissolve in water.
I'm not sure what your asking but the term for substances that are unable to dissolve in water are called unsoluable.
Water does not dissolve everything. Some substances dont mix with water. Those are hydrophobic substances, ex: oil molecules
Many different substances dissolve easily in water, but there are some which don't, particularly oily substances. Soap makes these substances dissolve in water.
Substances that dissolve in water are typically polar molecules or ionic compounds. Polar molecules have a positive and negative end, allowing them to interact with water molecules through hydrogen bonding. Ionic compounds dissociate into ions in water due to their charges being attracted to the polar water molecules.
Water is a polar substance, which means that any other polar substances will dissolve in it. The opposite is mineral turpentine which is non-polar so all non-polar substances dissolve in it.
sugar, salt
insoluble
Substances that dissolve in water are typically called soluble substances. These substances include salts, sugars, acids, and some gases. When a substance dissolves in water, it forms a solution where the molecules of the substance disperse and mix evenly with the water molecules.
Different types of powder
Some hydrophobic substances are soluble in water (ex.: proteins).