hypothesis
The time period may not affect the correlation coefficient at all. If looking at the correlation between the mass and volume of steel objects, time is totally irrelevant. The effect of the number of variables depends on whether or not the extra variables are related to ANY of the variables in the equation.
makeing the correlation spurious
Statistically, you would need to conduct an experiment in which every single other variable was controlled. Not a feasible option so you control the obvious covariates and examine the residual covariance between the two variables of interest. Even so, you may not find something. For example, the covariance between x and y where y= x2 over any symmetric interval is 0.
controlled experiment
Moderation occurs when the relationship between two variable depends on a third variable. The third variable is referred to as the moderate variable or simply the moderator
Cause variables are factors that directly influence or produce an effect on another variable. Effect variables are outcomes or results that are influenced by the cause variables. Understanding the relationships between cause and effect variables helps to analyze and predict how changes in one variable impact another.
A cause and effect relationship between the two variables.
The time period may not affect the correlation coefficient at all. If looking at the correlation between the mass and volume of steel objects, time is totally irrelevant. The effect of the number of variables depends on whether or not the extra variables are related to ANY of the variables in the equation.
'Known' Variables
(1) The masses involved, (2) the distance between the masses.
A controlled experiment can be used to show a cause and effect relationship. ex: an experiment studying the effect of a certain medicine on patients.
Certainly! In transposing cause and effect, you would essentially reverse the relationship between two variables or events. This means treating what was once the effect as the cause, and vice versa.
The three conditions necessary for causation between variables are covariance (relationship between variables), temporal precedence (the cause must precede the effect in time), and elimination of plausible alternative explanations (other possible causes are ruled out).
establish causality between variables by manipulating one variable and measuring its effect on another variable. Observational research can observe and describe associations between variables but cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships.
Experimental research methods, such as randomized controlled trials, are best suited to demonstrate cause and effect relationships. By manipulating an independent variable and measuring its effect on a dependent variable while controlling for confounding variables, researchers can establish a causal relationship between variables.
If none of the variables are constant (or controls) you have no idea which variable or combination of variables caused the effect.
A moderating effect refers to a variable that influences the direction or strength of the relationship between two other variables. In other words, it impacts the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Moderating effects help researchers understand under what conditions a relationship holds true.