The basal sliding zone
Personification is generally used for inanimate object but can be used on animals.
An explosion involve generally chemical reactions.
Cases in federal court must involve federal law and since all federal law must be derived from the constitution then yes they do involve constitutional matters.
Scratch hardness is generally measured on the Mohs Scale of mineral hardness from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond). One thing to keep in mind is that the Mohs Scale is purely ordinal, resulting in variable differences between each level. The actual tool used to measure scratch hardness is a Sclerometer.
congress generally must approve interstate compacts, they involve several states.
congress generally must approve interstate compacts, they involve several states.
Depending on which type of abrasion you are seeking advice on, abrasions come in three degree types aptly named first degree, second degree and third degree abrasions. The first type is surface abrasion, where there is just a tear like a paper cut or slight bruise even, which would sting, but heal quickly. The second type involves damage to the surface and the under surface - epidermis and dermis, and would involve some bleeding. The third type involves damage of the underlying parts under the skin and could lead to possible surgery.
Strategic
Generally, the action would involve breach of contract.
The protons are bound inside the nucleus and are not free. In conductors, the electrons are free to move.
Generally speaking state governments do not involve themselves in research and development outside of municipal projects.
The answer to the question depends on the nature of the equation. Generally speaking it will involve exponentiation (raising the log base to a power).