Yes. 10m/s^2 is only slightly greater than the surface gravity on Earth (9.8m/s^2). The surface gravity of a planet is not terribly important to its ability to keep water liquid so long as it can maintain decent atmospheric pressure.
Saturn's largest moon Titan has a surface pressure greater than Earth does, despite gravity being only about 1.3 m/s^2.
I suppose it could exist; water would exert gravitation just like anything else that has mass. Just like our Earth, the planet would have to be either massive enough, or cold enough, to avoid the water vapor gradually evaporating into space.
The goldilocks planet does not exist. It is an area in a planets orbit where water is liquid and life could exist. See related question.
Mars is the planet most like Mother Earth.
The gravity of any body affects all other bodies. In particular the gravity of the Moon creates the tides in bodies of water here on Earth. It also affects our planet's orbit and angle of tilt relative to the plane of its orbit.
Atmospheric pressure is an important factor in keeping liquid water on the surface of a planet. With no atmosphere, liquid water would quickly escape into space. It would depend on various factors such as the temperature and escape velocity of the planet of course. Scientists think liquid water existed on Mars in the past when the atmosphere was a lot denser. Water does exist on the surface Mars, but only as ice.
Yes. Gravity is a property of mass.
We exist much like a tree will, we grow and sprout over time. Though something must allow us to grow, and it may be Time, Gravity and Oxygen. and of course water.
Water does exist on Earth. Earth is the only planet known to have liquid water.
Because of gravity
Water
I suppose it could exist; water would exert gravitation just like anything else that has mass. Just like our Earth, the planet would have to be either massive enough, or cold enough, to avoid the water vapor gradually evaporating into space.
Not as a liquid but perhaps as Ice.
The gravity of Earth pulls the water onto the surface of the planet and is responsible for some of the propagation of waves. The gravity of the Moon and Sun pull on Earth's water and are responsible for the tides.
Mars is a planet that is too cold for liquid water to exist on its surface. Almost the entire surface of Mars is covered in ice.
There must be water in order for any life to exist on this planet.
no, because it has no gravity and the temperature is extremly cold
Well, yes. It sure can. The Earth is a prime example. However, whether there any other planets anywhere like this is not know. The chances are that there are some.