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Once there are water particles in the atmosphere you begin to see a Rainbow when sunlight passes through those particles of water.
This happens because light traverses at different speeds/velocities through the air (and water). You can see the different colours because the light is dispersed and refracted once the light is inside the water particle. The light is then reflected of the back of the water particle and is refracted once more.
When the photon leaves the water particle refraction occurs and the light is split into angles inside the particle ergo making it visible.
The colour also depends on the wavelength of light. And you must be 42 degrees off the axis of the sunlight to be able to see a Rainbow properly/at all.
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