4G is a welding position. The '4' means the weld is to be made in the overhead position. The 'G' means the weld is a groove weld.
Stick welding is a process in which a metal joint is fused together by the intense heat generated by an electrical arc. The "stick" in stick welding comes from the stick electrode that acts as the arc emitter and as a filler rod. It is used in various welding applications especially for heavy metal work. It is commonly used for this because of the ease of transmitting a powerful arc though the stick electrode.
Tac welding is not a specific material. Tac welding is a form of welding, that welder's use in order to hold two pieces' of metal together to get a proper fit. The tac weld can be easily broken if the two pieces' of metal aren't in the right place. So if you tac weld anything, the filler is going to be whatever material you are welding.
I was taught oxy/acetylene welding first, then stick. TIG welding is just like oxy/acetylene except much easier (less variables and a foot control to make minor corrections or even pulse the weld) I would recommend you learn both. TIG welding for precise/clean welding. Stick for some larger, perhaps special welding (hard facing tools - bigger pieces of steel).
Teach you how to weld
Tig, mig , or If you are as good as me stick welding will all work
Depends on what you are welding, but generaly welds can meet, or even weld on top of a weld.
d2
Shielded welding needs a gas to shield the weld from the atmoshere air. Unshielded uses a flux the burns when welding to shield the weld from the atmoshere air.
Yes, welding of metals typically involves heating and fusion in resistance welding, arc welding, acetylene torch welding. Metallic bonds are formed between the substrate and the weld. The composition of the weld and the substrate around the weld inevitably is different from the material being welded.
Classes for welding are to help you learn how to weld and how not to burn yourself. They have books on how to weld and everything to do with it.
The slag in the welding process protects the weld from oxidation and slows down the rate at which the weld cools. It also prevents brittleness of the metal.