Only for as long as you have an external power source hooked up. Modern vehicles use electronic controls, and you have to supply power to that ECU in order for that engine to function.
No, not today's vehicles.
You can start a car without a battery if you hook up a jump pack or use jumper camples but it could fry your alternator. It is pointless to charge a car without a battery. When you charge the car you are charging the battery.
If your car battery is dead, you will not be able to start your vehicle without a jump using jumper cables. When the car won't start and the lights on the dash aren't working, it is most likely your battery.
bad battery or loose battery cable
If your car only starts if you move your battery a little bit by hand, you have a bad electrical connection somewhere. You need to find it.
Certainly, a loose wire on the car battery can cause the car not to start.
If the battery is sufficiently charged, it'll still start the car. However, it won't run for very long... the battery will be providing electricity for things such as the ECMs, spark plugs, etc., and it'll drain the battery pretty quickly.
No, if it starts on its own without you turning the ignition switch then the ignition switch is defective.
The battery is used when the car is running to stabilize the voltage and store energy from the alternator. It is not recommended to run the car with no battery, as this can damage the alternator and the car's electrical system.A dead battery (if you have one) can usually suffice to run the car for a short time, however it may also damage the alternator.
Most newer cars will not run at all without a fully charged battery. The alternator alone is not sufficient to handle the operation of all the electronics, let alone headlamps and such. You also need the battery installed just to start the car!!
Get a donor car and use it's battery to start your car. You will need a set of quality jumper cables. Or you can charge the dead battery on the car for about 2 hours with a good 10 amp battery charger.
Sounds like your battery was weak to start with. What you did should not have caused any problems if your battery was in good condition so without seeing it, I think you should remove your battery and have your battery charged and load tested.
Sounds like a dead battery. You need the battery to start the car, but once it is running the engine runs completely off of the alternator (which also recharges the battery if the battery is still good).