Yes, they do count as being permanents, and will be affected by any spell or ability that can affect them.
Devotion, perhaps? Devotion is determined by counting the mana symbols in the casting costs of permanents you control. Tokens do not have this, so a White token does not count towards your devotion to White.
No, permanents are cards on the battlefield, ie Enchantments, Artifacts, Creatures and Planeswalkers that have resolved to the field, as well as Token creatures, and Lands.
No, unless they have haste.
Yes they do, as they are dubbed "Creature" Token. Essentially, Riot Control is very good against populate or very high token decks "Oh so you have... 15 3/3 Centaurs? Riot Control. Thank you..."
Single cards that represent a creature (token) there are currently 199 that I am aware of.
Yes, they are treated as permanents, so can be targetted by cards like Vindicate, for example.
A sacrificed permanent must be something you control, you cannot sacrifice your opponent's cards. Vivisection's additional cost has to be a creature you control. Sometimes your cards can force the opponent sacrifice his permanents. These all clearly say the card is making the opponent, not you, sacrifice them.
no unless its a old acarde that has been destoryed then it might be but dont count on it
The Coldsnap land 'Dark Depths' produces a Marit Lage token.
Mercy Killing targets one creature, and the creature's controller sacrifices it when Mercy Killing resolves. That player then gets some Elf tokens, as outlined on the rest of the card.
Henryk Minc has written: 'Permanents' -- subject(s): Inequalities (Mathematics), Permanents (Matrices) 'Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications'
Yes, of course. 'Wash Out' returns all permanents of the chosen colour back to their owner's hands. If 'Painter's Servant' has chosen Blue, then all permanents are Blue, and if 'Wash Out' chooses Blue as well, all permanents on the field will be returned to their owner's hands regardless of who controls them.