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Q: Do graded potentials produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface?
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Do action potentials always have the same amplitude and the same duration?

Yes, this is due to the all or nothing law that neurons follow: "an excitable membrane either responds to a stimulus with a maximal action potential that spreads nondecrementally throughout the membrane, or it does not respond with an action potential at all." "


What does it mean when a graded potential is called graded Why does it get this name?

Greded Is the membrane voltage change in response to a change in membrane permeability by adding or taking out gate channel. Depolarization occurs when there is a change in voltage towards a positive values b/c of opening up Na+ gate channels Hyperpolarization occurs when there is a more negative change in voltage due to opening up Cl- or K+ gate channels. It is called "graded" b/c you can open up some or many channels so the depolarization or hyperpolarization can be big or small Graded potentials start in one spot b/c of a change in permeability and then spreads to others as it travels; called local circuit current. The strength of graded potentials decreases as it spreads along the axon and eventually dies If you inject negative ions into the cell a hyperpolarization occurs If you inject positive ions into the cell a depolarization occurs If you inject a lot of positive charge the membrane depolarizes past 0 creates action potential and then comes back down' You get action potential once you pass the threshold voltage potential. Is a rapid depolarization which repolarizes


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Active transport is the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient across a plasma (cell) membrane. This process generally requires the input of energy, such as ATP. A cube of sugar does not have a cell membrane because it is not a cell; therefore, the statement is false.


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A neuron wouldn't be at rest if it had positive membrane potential. It would fire an action potential. If the neuron remained depolarized then it will fire controllably, and nearby cells are then at risk of being overstimulated. If this activity spreads far enough then it will lead to an epileptic seizure - which is also damaging to neurons.


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What does the process of transmitting a nerve impulse from one neuron to another involve?

When a neurotransmitter lands on their receptor site, they can either excite of inhibit the receiving cell. To excite a cell, positive sodium ions flow to it, which depolarizes the membrane in a similar way to a nerve impulse. The depolarizing effect spreads through the membrane and only last for 1/3 of a millisecond.