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There are two methods for weighing airplanes. The first is to actually put the airplane on a set of scales, one under each wheel, and determine the weight that way. The other, common for large aircraft, is to calculate the weight. When a new aircraft is certified by the FAA, it is actually weighed at the factory and an empty weight is determined for each model. The aircraft weight is then recalculated for any changes made to that model. When an airline buys a fleet of the same model aircraft, it determines a basic operating weight (BOW) for the fleet. BOW is the empty weight of the aircraft with the weight of normal operational stores added. These include such items oil and other fluids, spare parts, galley stores, emergency equipment, normal crew, etc...basically, everything except fuel, passengers and cargo. When an aircraft is ready for a flight, its weight is determined by starting with the BOW and adding the actual weight of everything that has been added to the aircraft for that flight. These normally include the actual fuel load, the weight of the passengers (either actual weights if the flight is critical, or average weights if not), the actual or average weight of bags, and the actual weight of the cargo. The end result is the aircraft take-off gross weight (TOGW), which is then used to determine the expected performance of the aircraft (how high it will be able to fly, how fast, etc.). The en route fuel burn is calculated and then subtracted from the TOGW to get landing weight which is used to determine landing performance (how much runway will be needed, stopping distance, etc). Hope that helps.

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