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A very loaded and highly generic and ambiguous question! A cow's response to such stimuli depends on what these stimuli are, because there is no one particular response for all types of stimuli they are subject to throughout their lives. Examples, however, may help in answering this question.

A cow will respond to internal stimuli in different ways. If a cow is feeling pain in her abdominal region, she will kick at it with her hind leg. If she is feeling the urge to urinate or defecate, she will often stop and hunch up her back, raise her tail and relax the sphincter muscles which hold the urine in her bladder and allow the urine to be expelled, often using her abdominal muscles to force the urine out faster and prevent it from sprinkling too much over her hind legs and hind quarters, including her udder. When she is done, she will lower her tail, even out her spine and continue with what she was doing. A similar response occurs when she feels the need to defecate: She will raise her tail, relax the sphincter muscles comprising of her anus, and contract her abdominal muscles to force the feces out into a nice, big steaming cow pie. After the deed is done, the sphincter muscles contract, the tail lowers, and she moves onwards. Other internal stimuli include a foreign object stuck in her trachea, which she responses to by coughing until it is free. If she is thirsty, she will find a water source and drink her fill. This is no different if she is hungry or craving salt or a mineral source.

External stimuli are more variable. A cow will respond to a frightening stimuli like a loud bang from a shotgun or a tractor that back-fired by jumping and running away. The presence of a coyote around her calf will get her "hackles up" and her guard up so much that she will make threatening gestures such as shaking her head, and charge at the beast to scare it away from her young.

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