How do you alter cardiac output?

Answer 1

Cardiac output is subject to several factors, any of which will have bearing on out put.

First, is the health of the left ventricle, which will push, via a contractual squeezing of the ventricle, a volume of blood, out of the heart. If the left ventricle has been impaired, ie. damage secondary to heart attack, infection, pericardial effusion( fluid in the sac surrounding the heart) valvular dysfunction, rare tumor and some connective tissue diseases. Any or a combination of these will alter the effectiveness of the pump( left ventricle)

Second, filling the left ventricle, via pulmonary circulation being pumped by the right ventricle, will have bearing on output. If there is high resistance in the pulmonary circulation or impairment of the right ventricle the pump does not prime

You essentially have a filling problem.

Answer 2

1.measurement of oxygen intake from the lung,fick's law 2.dilute technic principle