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It is a matter of memorization. There are only 6 common strong acids, some sources list 7 or 8. All other acids can be considered weak.

The six commonly listed strong acids are:

Hydrochloric acid: HCl

Hydrobromic acid: HBr

Hydroiodic acid: HI

Perchloric acid: HClO4

Nitric acid: HNO3

Sulfuric acid: H2SO4

Two acids sometimes cited as strong acids are:

Periodic acid: HIO4

Chloric acid: HClO3

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