If the urine is from a healthy and hydrated person, only chemical pH and spectroscopy tests will tell the difference; without this equipment, there is no difference since urine is more than 99% water anyway (at least if the person is hydrated and healthy).
Otherwise, urine sometimes gains a yellowish-gold tint from the buildup of wastes it carries, but water can also have this buildup on its own from other sources such as rust in the piping.
water
filtration and then osmosis
You could do that. Or you could just suck the kerosene off the surface of the water with a hand funnel.
A mixture of liquids with different boiling points like water and ethanol or crude oil which is a mixture of hydrocarbons. It can also be used to separate a solution into its solvent and solute, for example salt solution (salt water) could be separated into water (solvent) and salt (solute)
Separate the sand grains using a fine mesh. Separate salt from the water by using evaporation (leaving the salt crystals behind), and condensation (turning the evaporated water vapor back into a liquid).
yes
water
No, not quickly. You can separate oil from water by freezing it all.
Let's say you are thirsty, but have no water. However, you do have to use the bathroom to do a #1, if you have glasses, you can use evaporation to separate the water from the urine. Then use condensation to capture that water on a separate plate of glass which you can drink from.
Nothing
There are many reasons why there could be a urine smell in the bathroom. If there is a warm air vent near the toilet, it is possible urine could have gotten into it. If your water comes from a well, the well may be picking up extra minerals. This can cause water in the toilet to smell like urine.
Water is deleted by heating and evaporation.
filtration and then osmosis
Yes. You can use condesation to separate water from salt water leaving salt contents only
Hydrogen and oxygen.
Evaporate water, then the salt would be separated.
It's not necessarily bad to drink lots of water before a urine test but it could make you have to reschedule your appointment. The more water you drink the more diluted your urine is going to be. If your urine is to diluted they will make you come back after a day or two.