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Newton's Cradle apply the Newton's 3rd Law. "For every action, there's an equal but opposite reaction" is the Newton's 3rd law. The action when the ball falls and strikes the others, the reaction is the ball on the other end of the cradle moving.

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12y ago
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12y ago

Just to clarify, this does not sound like it is a question to be "solved" mathematically (it would be extraordinarily complicated), but rather just given some critical thought so that the more principally asserted physical relationships manifest in an everyday situation can be explored. It is a "thought experiment."

A bird flies by flapping its wings - simple enough. If we are to represent a bird's (considerably lightweight) body in a free body diagram, we see that it is burdened by the same silly gravity that encumbers even the cleverest of airborne fowl.

We know from Newton's second Law (ΣF = ma, in case you forgot) that in order to accelerate upward, an object must experience a net upward force. Well, we've already mentioned one force present... gravity: arch-nemesis of Wile E. Cyote - it acts to pull the bird DOWNWARD. So we have to conclude that, since the bird does SOMEHOW manage to fly, it must SOMEHOW manage to produce an upward force great enough to overcome the force of gravity. Let's discuss where this force comes from.

A bird orients its wings so that they are parallel to the ground and flaps; in effect he (I've decided it's a "he") pushes downward on the air beneath its wings. Newton's third states that the air will push back. It does! It also states that the reaction force will be in the opposite direction (you may have also heard that it should be "equal" in addition to "opposite" - turns out that's only when there is only one reaction force AND the system is in equilibrium). This means that the air pushes upwards on his wings (since he pushed downwards on the air) and he generates lift!

But what about when he raises his wing again? Doesn't the same thing happen in the opposite direction? It would, but the bird (cleverly) rotates his wing so that it is angled, less parallel to the ground. Now the reaction force the air exerts on the wing as it moves back upwards is only partially acting downwards - it also has a component pushing him horizontally, and that doesn't hinder his ability to get off the ground.

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Q: How does Newtons cradle demonstrate the third law of motion?
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