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How does gas become solid?

Updated: 8/11/2023
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13y ago

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=== === The transition from gas to solid is deposition, where the material goes directly gas-solid with no liquid phase in between.

The opposite (solid-gas) is sublimation, most commonly seen with "dry ice", where solid carbon dioxide directly evaporates as a gas.

This is useful because (a) CO2 is very cold, so it's a good coolant and (b) there's no messy liquid that needs to be contained.

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14y ago
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13y ago

All gases except helium can be frozen solid at a sufficiently low temperature. Helium does not freeze at any temperature, it exists only as either a gas or a liquid.

At low temperatures, gas molecules are moving more slowly, and at some point the attraction between molecules will be greater than the kinetic energy of the random thermal motion; that's why gas can freeze (or in the case of helium, liquefy).

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14y ago

water vapor turns into ice when it is frozen

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13y ago

carbon turns into dry ice without becoming a liquid first

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11y ago

by sublimation

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