Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, or commonly just typhoid,[1] is an illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Common worldwide, it is transmitted by the ingestion of food or water contaminated with feces from an infected person.[2] The bacteria then perforate through the intestinal wall and are phagocytosed by macrophages. Salmonella Typhi then alters its structure to resist destruction and allow them to exist within the macrophage. This renders them resistant to damage by PMN's, complement and the immune response. The organism is then spread via the lymphatics while inside the macrophages. This gives them access to the reticuloendothelial system and then to the different organs throughout the body. The organism is a Gram-negative short bacillus that is motile due to its peritrichous flagella. The bacteria grows best at 37 °C/99 °F - human body temperature. [hide]
* 1 Symptoms * 2 Diagnosis * 3 Treatment ** 3.1 Resistance * 4 Prevention * 5 Transmission * 6 Epidemiology * 7 Heterozygous advantage * 8 History ** 8.1 Famous typhoid victims *** 8.1.1 Fictional characters * 9 References ** 9.1 Further reading * 10 External links Incidence of typhoid fever
♦ Strongly endemic
♦ Endemic
♦ Sporadic cases
Typhoid fever is characterized by a sustained fever as high as 40 °C (104 °F), profuse sweating, gastroenteritis, and nonbloody diarrhea. Less commonly a rash of flat, rose-colored spots may appear.[3] Classically, the course of untreated typhoid fever is divided into four individual stages, each lasting approximately one week. In the first week, there is a slowly rising temperature with relative bradycardia, malaise, headache and cough. A bloody nose (epistaxis) is seen in a quarter of cases and abdominal pain is also possible. There is leukopenia, a decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells, with eosinopenia and relative lymphocytosis, a positive diazo reaction and blood cultures are positive for Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi. The classic Widal test is negative in the first week. In the second week of the infection, the patient lies prostrated with high fever in plateau around 40 °C (104 °F) and bradycardia (Sphygmo-thermic dissociation), classically with a dicrotic pulse wave. Delirium is frequent, frequently calm, but sometimes agitated. This delirium gives to typhoid the nickname of "nervous fever". Rose spots appear on the lower chest and abdomen in around 1/3 patients. There are rhonchi in lung bases. The abdomen is distended and painful in the right lower quadrant where borborygmi can be heard. Diarrhea can occur in this stage: six to eight stools in a day, green with a characteristic smell, comparable to pea-soup. However, constipation is also frequent. The spleen and liver are enlarged (hepatosplenomegaly) and tender and there is elevation of liver transaminases. The Widal reaction is strongly positive with antiO and antiH antibodies. Blood cultures are sometimes still positive at this stage. In the third week of typhoid fever a number of complications can occur: * Intestinal hemorrhage due to bleeding in congested Peyer's patches; this can be very serious but is usually non-fatal. * Intestinal perforation in distal ileum: this is a very serious complication and is frequently fatal. It may occur without alarming symptoms until septicaemia or diffuse peritonitis sets in. * Encephalitis * Metastatic abscesses, cholecystitis, endocarditis and osteitis The fever is still very high and oscillates very little over 24 hours. Dehydration ensues and the patient is delirious (typhoid state). By the end of third week the fever has started reducing (defervescence). This carries on into the fourth and final week.
Typhoid bacteria are ingested. The acid from your stomach kills many of them. some may reach the intestine. The bacteria then invade the blood stream and multiply there before finally settling in your small intestine. During this initial bacteremia, the bacteria can get lodged at various places to give you large number of complications.
You become critically ill with typhoid fever. Untreated it can kill you.
With proper medication, you can cure typhoid fever. You have very good drugs to cure the typhoid fever.
stomach
In the first week of typhoid fever, there is bacteremia. So many organs and systems can be affected by typhoid bacteria. After one week the bacteria settle for the small intestine of the patient, though the whole body is affected by typhoid toxins.
No. Typhus is a group of diseases caused by the parasitic bacteria "Rickettsia", which can exist only within living cells. It is commonly spread by lice and fleas on rats. (In areas with limited hygenic facilities, Epidemic Typhus is spread by the human body louse.) Typhoid fever (also known as Enteric fever) is caused by "Salmonella" bacteria when they are spread through the body by the white blood cells that attempted to destroy them.
"It is the whole body incuding the way of the blood flow."
That is a good question. You have bacteremia in first week of typhoid fever. This bacteria can settle almost every where, in your body, during this bacteremia. So you can have typhoid arthritis.
Immunization is when your body is protected from a virus or disorder. It usually comes in the form of a shot or inoculation.
it only infects people most commonly in developing countries where sanitation and hygene are poor
Before the advent of improvement in sanitation after 1854 out break of cholera in UK, the typhoid affected the Europeans like others outside the Europe. Now the Europeans have no challenge to their immunity. So every body should receive the oral typhoid vaccine to keep the immune system in tune.
it is transmitted by contaminated food and water.it is fetovoral
the symptoms of typhoid fever today are:general fever as high as 40 °C (104 °F), Headache body ache fatigueprofuse sweating,gastroenteritis, and nonbloody diarrhea. Less commonly a rash of flat, rose-colored spots may appear.[3]
Typhoid Fever (caused by Salmonella typhi or paratyphi bacteria) is contracted from infected water or food. The bacteria breed in the gall bladder and liver, invading the GI from there. From the GI, they go into the blood stream and then around the body. It's symptoms are stomachaches. diarrhea, achiness, fever, congestion, headachesand lethargy