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Magnesium is not found as a free element (i.e. magnesium metal) due to its reactivity as an alkaline Earth metal (group II element). It can be separated by the following processes.
1. Pidgeon process
This involves the reduction of magnesium oxide according to the equation:
Si(s) + 2 MgO(s) ↔ SiO2(s) + 2 Mg(g)
The equilibrium position of this reversible reaction is continually shifted to the right for it to be feasible, through applying a large amount of heat and by lowering the concentration of the product through distilling out the magnesium vapor. This process is widely used in China where magnesium is produced on a large scale.
2. Electrolysis of fused (liquid) magnesium chloride
The overall reaction for the electrolytic process is:
MgCl2(l) → Mg(s) + Cl2(g)
At the cathode, the Mg2+
ion gains two electrons and is thereby reduced to magnesium metal:
Cathode: Mg2+
(l) + 2 e− → Mg(s)
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