One can not realistically measure the size of a galaxy in terms of the size of the Earth.
One usually measures the size of a galaxy in terms of light years.
The solar system of which the Earth is just a small speck sits in our local galaxy, the Milky Way which is 100,000 to 120,000 light years across, while the Andromeda galaxy is slightly larger at 220,000 light years in diameter.
No. Neptune is much larger than Earth.
none. Mercury is smaller than Earth.
The Milky Way doesn't really rotate around anything. Our home galaxy and nearby Andromeda are pretty much at the center of what is called a local group of gravitationally bound galaxies. As such, it is unsupportable to say that the Milky Way rotates around anything else.
The Earth is not only larger but much more massive than the Moon is.
Earth is smaller than Neptune but larger than Venus.
About 2.5 million light years from Earth, but since the Earth and Sun are only 8 light minutes apart, there isn't that much of a difference in how far the Andromeda Galaxy is from the Sun or Earth. So the Andromeda Galaxy is about 2.5 million light years from the Sun and Earth.
Although the Andromeda Galaxy is a bit larger than the Milky Way, and is large as spiral galaxies go, it is not the largest galaxy. There are larger spiral galaxies, and much, MUCH larger elliptical galaxies. However, because it is relatively close to the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy _appears_ quite large, spanning an apparent width roughly six times that of a full Moon. Still, there are two smaller, closer galaxies (the Magellanic Clouds) which appear larger still. (The Magellanic Clouds are not visible from northern latitudes, however, so one could argue that the Andromeda Galaxy is the biggest galaxy in _apparent size_ visible from most of the northern hemisphere.)
Prior to Hubble's discovery scientists generally believed that our galaxy was the entire universe. Hubble found that the Andromeda galaxy was, then called the Andromeda Nebula, was not a part of our galaxy but a galaxy unto itself far beyond the edge of the Milky Way. This discovered demonstrated that the universe is much larger than scientists have believed.
The Andromeda Galaxy is spiral shaped, much like our own Milky Way Galaxy.See related link for a pictorial.
The Andromeda Galaxy can be seen from the northern hemisphere. Above the 45th parallel it is circumpolar, meaning you can see it pretty much any time of the night. If you know where Cassiopeia is, the Andromeda Galaxy is a fuzzy patch of light visible to the naked eye (on really dark nights) between that asterism (the Flying W) and the constellation of Andromeda. The five bright stars that make up Cassiopeia--Andromeda is below the W. The rim stars are dim, even through a good 14" telescope you can generally only make out the core stars. Otherwise the galaxy would appear a bit larger than our own moon, from our perspective here on earth. Andromeda is 2.5 million light years away, and a bit bigger than our galaxy.
Our solar system is part of the much larger Milky Way galaxy. Every star, in fact every thing - with one exception - that we see in the night sky is part of our Milky Way galaxy (I am including the large and small Magellanic clouds, because they are gravitational sattelites of our galaxy). The one exception is another galaxy - two and a half million light years away - that can just barely be seen with the naked eye on clear nights. We call that galaxy Andromeda, as we see it in the direction of the constellation Andromeda. There are believed to be billions of galaxies, but Andromeda is the one closest to us.
If the Milky way and Andromeda does in fact collide (the accuracy of the prediction is not accurate enough to confirm certainty), then we can expect one of two outcomes.Andromeda envelopes our galaxy and together they form a much larger elliptical galaxy.They pass right past each other, with the gravity of Andromeda "stealing" part of our galaxy which would lead to our solar system being ejected from the Milky way or forming part of Andromeda. (by that time our Sun would have, or could have gone Red Giant already)
Andromeda is a neighboring galaxy that's moving towards the Milky Way at about 100 - 140km/s. It's much larger than our Milky Way and if the collision predictions are true, which are estimated to occur in about 4-5 billion years from now, our Milky way will either become part of the Andromeda galaxy and form a giant elliptical galaxy, or it would pass right through with some solar systems being ejected from the Milky way or becoming part of Andromeda. By that time however, our Sun would most probably have become a red giant with our Earth completely enveloped by it. So if your question was meant to ask whether Andromeda is a "cannibal", then in some metaphorical way you could say so yes.
A galaxy cluster consists of several galaxy groups, each of which in turn contains several galaxies. So no; a galaxy cluster is MUCH bigger than any individual galaxy.
Much the same as ours. Stars and planetary bodies, gas clouds etc
Much the same as ours. Stars and planetary bodies, gas clouds etc
No, it is a galaxy. A stellar cluster is an object that is much smaller than a galaxy, and contains a few thousand stars, up to about a million or so. A galaxy cluster, on the other hand, is a group of galaxies, not a single galaxy.