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Water affects the rate of reaction at the molecular level primarily through its role as a solvent and reactant. It facilitates the collision of reactant molecules by dissolving them and increasing their mobility, which enhances the frequency of effective collisions. Additionally, water can participate in chemical reactions, influencing reaction pathways and mechanisms, such as through proton transfer in acid-base reactions. Its polarity also stabilizes transition states and intermediates, lowering activation energy and accelerating reaction rates.

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