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According to Genesis 49:28, the twelve Israelite tribes were the descendants of the twelve sons of Jacob. This is a late addition to Genesis, attributed by scholars to the Priestly source:

  • Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Zebulun, Issachar, Dan, Gad, Asher, Naphtali, Joseph, Benjamin

The Song of Deborah (Judges 5:2-31), in a section of which the poet honours those tribes of Israel that joined in battle against a Canaanite coalition and castigates those that held back, only ten tribes are named, and only eight of these are tribes that occur in the canonical list of twelve.

  • Ephraim, Benjamin, Machir, Zebulun, Issachar, and Naphtali who joined the fight; Reuben, Gilead, Dan, and Asher did not.


Deuteronomy 33, generally considered to have been written in the seventh century, lists eleven tribes:

  • Reuben, Judah, Levi, Benjamin, Joseph (with both Ephraim and Manasseh named), Zebulun, Issachar, Gad, Dan, Naphtali, and Asher.


These variations suggest that the tribal structure was not static and that the twelve tribes now regarded as forming the nation Israel were a development of the monarchical era.

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