A felsic extrusive igneous rock, such as rhyolite or obsidian.
Sedimentary
If a rock has large crystals, it is an intrusive rock. Intrusive rocks form underneath the Earth's surface. Magma cools slowly so it has time to form large crystals. An example is granite, where you can see the crystals with your naked eye. Rocks that have small crystals are extrusive rocks. Extrusive rocks are ones that form from lava (blasted out of a volcano) so they cool very quickly, not allowing large crystals to form. An example is obsidian, where you cannot visibly see the small crystals; it just looks like one black, glassy rock.
It is most likely extrusive.
gneiss
Intrusive igneous rocks can have chemically and mineralogically identical counterparts in their extrusive igneous equivalent. The only difference between the two rocks would be their method of formation and texture. Example: granite and rhyolite from the same source of magma.
A felsic extrusive igneous rock, such as rhyolite or obsidian.
extrusive
A Mafic Extrusive Igneous Rock.
Most likely it was a loose chunk of granite that popped off, got under the pad and caused the scratch. It happens.
All three rock types could be formed in areas under the seas. Two types of rock are most likely to form on the seafloor, however. Sedimentary rock is formed on the seafloor where accumulations of sediments undergo lithification processes. Extrusive igneous rock can form on the seafloor when lava erupts on its surface.
heavy rain on sloped granite
If you are climbing the mountain and it erupts, yes, most likely you will die. Unless you are bird-man and can fly.
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Granite.
It would form into the rock basalt, an extrusive, mafic, igneous rock.
Sedimentary
Sedimentary