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serfs
The rise of the middle class in England with the industrial revolution made the Monarchs have to work harder to keep favor.
Many people, including monarchs, advisers, etc.
the selection of Church officials.
The way the question is phrased (using the word "Islamic") refers to land. Since 99% of the Middle East is owned by majority-Muslim countries, 99% would be your answer. If you intended to ask what percentage of the Middle East is Muslim, i.e. referring to humans. roughly 90% of all Middle Easterners are Muslims. The largest non-Muslim populations in the Middle East are the Egyptian Copts (roughly 8 million people) and the Israeli Jews (roughly 6 million people).
serfs
promoted trade
The rise of the middle class in England with the industrial revolution made the Monarchs have to work harder to keep favor.
The royalty, the priesthood, the knighthood, and the commoners.
upper (aristocrats), middle (nobles), and lower (commoners).
yea
the middle class was increasingly the source of tax revenue.
Many people, including monarchs, advisers, etc.
USA imports about 29 percent of its total oil need from Persian gulf countries or middle east with Saudi Arabia being the largest middle eastern exporter of oil to USA.
From oil, minerals, cloths, carpets sometimes
Catholic, as all English monarchs were before the middle of the reign of Henry VIII.
the selection of Church officials.