Modern 3.5" floppy disks were/are double sided. Earlier 5.25" floppy disks started out single sided but you could cut out a read only slot and flip them over and use both sides, no guarantees though. Even earlier 8" floppy disks were also single sided but could likewise be cut and flipped over. This is from my own experience not from research.
data is stored on both sides of a floppy disk
Not possible, the same data can be stored both on floppy and HDD.
Data can be stored on a floppy disk, since that is what they are designed for. As for whether it can be "received" on one, that is a pretty vague question, as it doesn't address HOW the data is received.
Data can be stored on floppy disk, hard disk, memory stick, CD or DVD.
Around 35 to 40 years.
Most blank CDs are not double-sided. If you have one that is indeed double-sided, then yes.
It is stored as magnetic impulses, similar to how a tape recorder records, except that the data is digital rather than analog.
A standard floppy disk can hold a maximum of 1.44MB. This is comprised of 720kb of data on both sides of the platter. Some floppy disk drives can read disks of upto 2.88MB in capacity.
a Floppy Disk
Yes. Data can be stored to removable media such as flash drives, Floppy Disks, Cd's and DVD's.
As little as possible. Floppy disks are prone to corruption and should be accessed as little as possible. It would be generally advised that no data should be stored on a floppy disk, and that any data you have on floppy disk should be removed and backed up on a more reliable format such as flash memory.
The floppy drive is what actually does the reading. The information is then sent to the central processor unit (CPU) on the motherboard where it is translated. There is no specific part of a CPU dedicated to floppy drive input.
In a way, yes. The material that makes up the "disk" in a floppy is Mylar, a magnetic substance. Data is stored on the Mylar disk in the form of magnetic charges.