Prestas and Schrader needs different nozzles. Schrader needs a bigger nozzle with a pin to open the valve in the middle.
The type of nozzle you need isn't determined by the tire, but by the tube. And you can put any kind of tube in any tire. You need to look at the tube to determine if it's a Schrader (like on a car), a Presta(narrower) or a Dunlop (unlikely). Schrader-to-Presta adapters are available at pretty much every bike store and only cost a few dollars.
You use a pump, withe the correct nozzle for the valve you've got. There are three types:Schrader. Same as for car tyres.Presta. Narrower than the schrader, has a valve that has to be manually opened before inflation.Dunlop. Rare in the US, common in some other places. Can usually be inflated with the same nozzle as the Presta.
The two most common types of valves for bicycle tubes are either Presta(narrow, common on road bikes) and schrader. Schrader is thicker, and has the same mechanism as a regular car tire valve. A shrader MTB tube is simply a tube with a Schrader valve.
The regular pump is called a schrader valve, and to use a pump intended to fit schrader valves you need an adapter. I have two adapters, I bought one at the bike shop and one came with my bike pump. To use the adapter, you open the presta valve, then screw the adapter down over the open presta valve.
Same way you'd inflate any inner tube, get hold of a pump with the correct nozzle, if it's a presta - open the valve, attach pump, inflate to correct pressure, remove pump, if it's a presta - close valve, done!
It's a narrow type of tube valve. It's almost always used on road bikes, but some MTBs use it as well.
You'll have to start with determining which kind of valve you've got. For the US there are basically two options:Schraeder valve, the same as on a carPresta valve, which is narrower.Then find a pump with the appropriate nozzle. For Schraeder, just remove the cap and go at it. Particulary if you're filling from a compressor, don't exceed the max allowable pressure stated on the tire sidewall.For Presta, remove the cap, undo the locknut, give the valve a push to break the seal. Then apply the nozzle and inflate the tube.For Europeans there's the added option of the Dunlop valve, which can be inflated with the same type nozzle as the Presta, but there's no locknut that needs to be opened.
Don't think I understand what you're asking about. A Presta valve have two moving parts. They're rarely moved and don't see much load. Mechanical advantage as it's defined just isnt particularly important for a Presta valve. In use there's a small design advantage to Prestas since they are narrower than Schraders. Meaning there's less strength lost to a rim drilled for Presta than for Schrader.
A Presta Tire would be a tubular tire with a Presta valve. A Presta tube would be more common, and is an inner tube with a Presta valve. Presta is a typ of valve used for bicycles that is a bit narrower and needs to be opened and shut manually when inflating/deflating.
Presta is the name for a type of valve used for bicycles.
Joe Presta and his wife Cathy Presta
There are 3 different types of vavles found on bicycles: Schrader, Presta and Woods/Dunlop. Here's a link to more info: http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_w.html#woods Schrader are the same as for car tires, and work the same way. Prestas have a locknut keeping the valve shut. This nut needs to be opened and the valve "burped" before inflation. Woods/Dunlop needs nothing extra once you've found a pump head that'll fit them.