. . . is a criminal, or an offender, or an arrestee, or a defendant. or a misdemeanant, or a felon . . . . etc.
.... is called an ACCOMPLICE.
When someone encourages or helps another person to commit an illegal act or crime, it is called "aiding and abetting." And, yes, you can be prosecuted for it.
An accomplice. and in some cases the authorities have termed a person a broker when they introduces a party to another party with a belief that the newly associated parties may together commit a crime.
when someone else commits a crime and someone else helps them afterward. Even though this person didn't commit the crime, they can still be charged.
Yes
Special deterrence means that, if a person commit a crime,punishmentwill be apply on to that individual so that person don't commit a crime again.
Murder.
Yes, it is possible.
Basically, any person who commits, helps someone else commit, or orders anyone to commit, a Crime Against Humanity to be carried out can be held accountable under international law.
A person who commits a crime is known as a criminal.
If you were with a person who committed the crime, you are an accessory to a crime. (There are exceptions. It depends on what you mean by the word with. If you were with a person and totally unaware he was going to commit a crime and did nothing to participate in the crime, there may be an exception. I know of one case where a woman discovered she was with a drug dealer. She took her stuff and walked to the bus station and caught a bus. The law left her alone.) It depends on what you knew and when you knew it and what you did about it.
It's called an accomplice, or a co-conspirator.
Then you did not commit a crime. I assume you mean, "What do you do if you are charged with a crime you did not commit?" The answer is, "You get a lawyer."